International Relations and Foreign Policy Essay

International Relations and Foreign Policy - Essay Example 89-91). However, it is arguable that international relations theories are not self-explanatory of the behavior of all countries and cannot be applied to all circumstances. While the theories are general in nature, they do seek to explain the behavior of nations in general during some of the most important events in history such as the World Wars and other economic treaties (Dougherty and Pfaltzgraff, 2001, pp.95-96). Foreign policy regards the policy or the set of norms that a country adopts regarding its personal behavior with other nations. These norms may govern aspects such as trade, alliances, aid, peace treaties, military support, coalitions, and other matters. Foreign policy is arguably a determinant of a country’s personal circumstances and their own relative power in the international arena. Critics (Janis, 1972, pp. 45-46) may argue that foreign policy is not set according to the activities conducted in the international arena, but is set according to the individual domestic factors of a country itself and the preferences and prejudices of its leader. Therefore, if this is the case, this suggests that international theories, which generalize the behavior of countries throughout the world, are not relevant when it comes to devising theories of foreign policy. Being a neo-realist, Kenneth Waltz claims that international theories do not consider enough variables specific to countries; hence, they cannot be used to predict foreign policy and are not applicable in this regard. However, if international relations theory cannot be applied to predict or analyze the behavior of countries and are not explanatory of their foreign policy, then what is their use? This paper aims to explore the difference between theories of international relations and theories of foreign policy, while explaining the main two international theories prevalent in the international arena. The main emphasis of this paper will be upon the neo-realist school of thought and Kenneth Waltz’ considerations of why the neo-realist theory is inadequate to predict the behavior of individual states and therefore is not applicable as a theory of foreign policy. The aim of this paper will be to refute Kenneth Waltz argument that international relations theories cannot be used as theories of foreign policy through the aid of academic articles. International Relations theories are highly popular when it comes to finding explanations regarding the behavior of countries collectively and in general terms. The theories consider the behavior of all countries to be alike while accounting for variables such as their military strength, economic prosperity, power in the international arena, and their motives (Janis, 1972, pp. 88-89). These theories are supposedly used as indicators of the behavior of countries in different circumstances and as predictive measures. The most popular theories of international relations include realism and liberalism. The two schools of though t, realism, and liberalism are quite divergent from one another and are complete opposite theories. Hence, here has been a longstanding debate between the supporters of both schools of thought. The liberalists believe that morals, international organizations, and legislation or law governs the world. For liberalists, the power

Knowledge & the Flow of Information Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Knowledge & the Flow of Information - Case Study Example The very first given alternative is the most effective. This is because it will present visibility of the processes within the center. It is clear that with the use of this method key activities and sub ­-processes that can consume a lot of time, and generate many inefficiencies, will be revealed, thus enabling problem-solving and improvement of the supply chain (Drucker, 2005). Following the steps are given above, the approach should be implemented. Application of solutions should be done vigorously, going for easy ones that deliver early results. This is in order to give everyone confidence that what is being done is right. Even after implementing this method, there is also need to check on the level of technology. Grounding on the information given after the case study, the center needs to use a more effective and efficient mode of communication. Internet should be applied. Use of fax is much far slower compared to use of the internet (Mehra, 2006). A review of changes should be done to see if the changes have made you more responsive. It is optimistic that with the use of the first method, the changes will give a solution to the problem. If successful then another goal should be built for more success (Lai & Cheng, 2009).  

Martin Luther Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther Essay Martin Luther was born in 1483 in Germany. Although he was brought up in a catholic faith, he changed his faith by starting a new Christian movement that was against the teachings of Catholicism, which was consequently named as Lutheran. He taught as a theology lecturer, hence a professional in theology and he was a preacher as well. His parents Hans Luder mother Margarethe were catholic believers, therefore as soon as he was born; he got baptism on the following day which was St. Martin of Tours day of feast. He had brothers and sisters; however, two of his brothers passed way as a result of a plague. Jacob who had tight bonds with Martin lived on to old age. Martin’s father rented copper mines and smelters and he also worked as a spokesperson in the local council. Besides he wanted the best for his son; he aspired that Martin would be a lawyer . Martin began his early school life in 1497 at Mansfield, Magdeburg and Eisenach in that order; where he learnt Latin. When he was seventeen years of age he was a student at the University of Erfurt and by the year 1505, he had completed his postgraduate studies and was awarded a masters degree. Since his father wanted him to be a lawyer, he went ahead and registered for the law school however, he never pursued the course to completion since according to him law was ambiguous. Instead he preferred to study more on theology and philosophy and was fascinated by former philosophers like William of Ockham, Aristotle and Gabriel Biel. Nonetheless, he was more drawn to lecturers who taught on not laying trust on anyone including the philosophers unless the claims they state could be approved through familiarity. Because of this reason, Martin concluded that knowledge in philosophy could not help people get close to God because it merely emphasized on reasoning; which is valid when applied to people and organizations but not God. According to Luther, people could only acknowledge who God is by understanding the scriptures. From here, his quest for scripture understanding began. Later in 1505, Martin Luther abandoned his studies and joined the catholic monastery. Luther’s life as a monk was constituted by refraining from food, pilgrimage, declaration of his sins before a priest for forgiveness and praying for lengthy periods. The life at the monastery wasn’t easy at all; the monks spent less time in bed and they had to work hard in order to sustain community members. He confesses that his commitment to the church as a monk was not delighting to God; rather it made him aware of how sinful he was. Furthermore, the period within which he served as a monk gave a different perception of Jesus Christ in his life; the Christian life at the monastery was like a detention center that harassed innocent people, yet Jesus is â€Å"a Savior and a comforter†. Nevertheless, the monastery hardship transformed Luther as he found more time to know the Bible. Afterward, it was contemplated by Johann von Staupitz that Luther required to do something else so that his quest for the scripture could be disrupted. Accordingly, after his priestly ordination, he proceeded as a theology lecturer of Wittenberg University. By 1509, Luther had received two degrees; one in Biblical studies and the other in sentences. After three years, he graduated as a doctor in theology thereby becoming a member of the senate in the faculty of theology in the University of Wittenberg . The controversial issues regarding Catholicism began in 1517 when Martin Luther wrote the 95 theses. The theses focused on the indulgences that were sold in the church. Since the pope wanted funds to put up the St. Peter’s church in Rome, pardoning of sins was granted on condition that the sinner paid money. In other instances, one could purchase pardon for sins that he or she expects to commit. This spurred concern in Martin Luther because as he had read in the scripture, deliverance is freely given; whereas in Rome, salvation was an article of trade that could be traded between two partners- a sinner and the priest. Besides, more indulgences were sold so that those souls that were in purgatory could be released. Moreover, according to the Roman Catholic Theology it was believed that faith is not enough to justify a human being unless it is accompanied by deeds, for instance participating in works of charity and giving the church financial contributions . Luther objected the issue of indulgences that were being sold; consequently, he drafted a note to the archbishops of Magdeburg and Mainz; this note is what was later referred to as the 95 theses. A copy of the note he wrote to the archbishop was put on the door of Castle Church. According to Luther, the absolution and forgiveness of sins based on indulgences was wrong and deceptive. Within a short time the theses were converted to German, because they were written in Latin; after which they were printed and reproduced to make many copies. Accordingly, the reprinted theses were extensively distributed to various parts within Germany. Between 1510 and 1520, he spent his time in teaching the New Testament books including the Psalms. Even as he studied the Holy Scriptures, he came to realize that justification was a very significant aspect in salvation. That God acknowledges a sinner and makes him righteous when he believes the scripture; also God saves sinners because of grace. Luther proceeded to preach about justification, how it came from God’s only and faith as a present for humanity from God. The Roman papal authority took a period of three years to act in response to Luther’s writings despite the fact that the theses had been distributed at a faster rate. The Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg whom the letter was addressed to preferred not to answer Luther, but rather identified heretical phrases then sent the letter to Rome. Pope Leo X overlooked the letter believing that it was not a grievous issue; to him Luther was only drunk and after sometime he would get back to his senses. However, the perception was wrong: Country’s such as England, Italy and France were reading the theses by 1519. Furthermore, he wrote and published commentaries Psalms and Galatians, even though he had to work under protection. By 1520, he had published three books that are considered to be the most excellent among his works- â€Å"On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, On the Freedom of A Christian and To the Nobility of the German Nation. The Pope came to rethink of Luther’s thesis in 1519 and ordered him to give details of his theses which he did in a synopsis. As a result, Luther was called to meet the Pope in Rome so that he could give a detailed justification to his writings. Nonetheless, Luther went to Rome but as it was arranged by Frederick the Wise, he met Cardinal Thomas Cajetan who was a legate to the pope Nevertheless, the pope went ahead and wrote to Luther in a writing termed as â€Å"papal bull Exsurge Domine† cautioning him to denounce the theses he had written as well as subsections within the books that he had written, in a period of sixty days; failure of which would result in him getting suspended from the catholic community. Conversely, Luther burnt the papal bull and the other manuscripts, an action he later justified in his writings- Assertions Concerning All Articles as well as Why the Pope and His Recent Book Are Burned. Following this, Luther was suspended out of the Roman Catholic community in 1521 by the Pope. Later in April, 1521, Luther was presented before the Diet of Worms, a gathering of the Roman Empire authorities in Worms, Rhine. It was required of him to confirm if he was the author of the theses and the other books he had written, an issue he readily confirmed. However, in answering whether he supported the writings, he agreed after one day having discussed with friends and prayed. Accordingly, in May 1521, Luther was declared a heretic and his writings were banned. In addition, no one was permitted to provide neither shelter nor food as this would amount to punishment. Luther by the help of the Elector of Saxony, Fredrick III, stayed separate away from people in the Castle of Wartburg for about eleven months under the name Junker Jorg. It is during this period that he interpreted the New Testament, initially in Greek to German . When he went back to Wittenberg in March 1522, Luther continued to preach and many people were drawn to his sermons. He revised the church doctrines and assisted in reinstating peace and unity within the nation. The new church doctrines were based on faith, grace and scripture alone. Instead of the seven sacraments that exist in the Roman Catholic, only two sacraments were recognized- baptism and the Holy Communion. Lutheranism did not advocate for celibacy, however, no one was forced to marry. The first Lutheran declaration of faith, otherwise referred to as the Augsburg Confession, was read before the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in 1530. The reformed church decided to name the new church as Lutheran in honor of Luther. Luther married Katharina who was initially a nun but defected. He passed away in 1546, in Eisleben after having been ill . Bibliography Collinson, P. (2004): The Reformation: a history, ISBN 0679643230, 9780679643234, Modern Library. Doak, R. S. (2006): Pope Leo X: Opponent of the Reformation, ISBN 0756515947, 9780756515942, Compass Point Books. Edwards, M. U. (March, 2000): Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483-1546. The Christian Century, Vol. 117. Fairchild, M. (2009): Martin Luther Bibliography. Retrieved on 13th April, 2009, from: http://christianity. about. com/od/lutherandenomination/a/martinlutherbio_2. htm Marius, R. (1999): Martin Luther: the Christian between God and death, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0674550900, 9780674550902, Harvard University Press. The Columbia Encyclopedia (2007): Luther, Martin, Sixth Edition, 2007.

Analysing The Wealth Of Money And Knowledge

Analysing The Wealth Of Money And Knowledge In the modern society, there are certain major of groups believe that having money over lapse the concept of having more knowledge. Conversely, there are a number of people believe that without a good education, we might not make it in the fast growing society. On certain levels, having a certain amount of money or knowledge does provide benefits to individuals that possess it. We might be able to succeed in our life by being wealthy in money or knowledge. Having huge money, we are able to make lots of investment in our company to provide a huge capital. In addition, when starting a business, one must possess certain knowledge of the industrys business to enhance the growth. Wealthy in money can also provide a comfortable life if one knows how to appreciate the value of money. We are able to make payments for mortgage or cars while not forgo certain expenses in order to have their way of life. With money, we can provide a good education to our kids and provide them good balance of nutrients. On the other hand, knowledge also can optimize a human being lifestyle. We are able to create machines that can ease our work and strength. We do assume that the power of money enable us to facilitate friends financial situation. Being a true friend, we are able to do small favors to ease their worry. When theyre in need of guidance, having appropriate knowledge allow us to listen and think rationally for the best solution and guide them in decision making. People often go through various situations that require their decision that reflects their potentials. With great knowledge, we can independently carry ourselves to the outside world and being confident about our judgment and stand on our own feet. Having money bears the privilege of being financially independent. In future event of misfortune in business of job, we are still able to go through the difficult process without making adjustment. Body Angle 1: Stepping stone to success Education is the pathway to enrich knowledge and succeed in life. The extra education a person could obtain on a certain subjects allow them to construct a better inform decisions that would result in increased income or better equipment. The value of good education is the basic key in getting a good solid job that able to support us to have a decent lifestyle. With education, we are able to go through different task in a job and with the qualified papers we are able to climb our careers upwards. The passion of wanting more in education gives us a broader mind and view towards the world and different concepts on how the world ticks. In a way having a good education reflects on a person. As they value your knowledge and education, you are not afraid to voice out your opinion and create doubts in one self. A huge capital in a business ensures that the business is able to take losses and risk for a period of time. This is very crucial especially in starting a business as the companys profile is fresh and needed time to venture their product into the market. In starting a business, the right amount of capital is essential because of the companys instability and with a huge capital, owners are able to gamble their business into a bigger perspective without drawback in funding. A huge capital gives an advantage to business since money is needed to pay for machines, labors and goods produced. With the proper funding, the company are able to plan their growth and make additional adjustments to widen the business. A huge capital enables company to maximize their market using various of ways such as advertisement, samples and road shows. Knowledge also contributes to the success in life. It is vital for anyone that ones to succeed in their career or business to learn different skills. Whether is it communication, planning, productivity and creativity. One must be able to acquire the technique to communicate and persuade customers to buy their product. They must also able to plan their schedule and make preparations for the future event and predict the best strategy to boost their productivity. In the fast growing world of business, its is comparably hard to excel a business as the competition is big and there are various levels of competitors in the industry. To even begin with something, first we must have a decent foundation of information in the particular field. This comes by constant exposure and experience which makes them mature in decision making. If ones foundation is not strong, they will have difficulties in dealing with intense problems and they might miss out in lots of opportunities. With our enhanced knowledge and education, we are able to go build our mid set in dealing with various of problems. In many stages of life, we might be struggling with many obstacles and difficulties in our work life. Sometimes were unable to tackle the problem due to the complexity of the problem. In every problem there always have to be a solution to it. Before we rush to solve a problem, its always best to look at the problem from a different point of view whether from ourselves or another person. By doing so, we are able to identify the root problem and widen the choices of solution. Furthermore, we are able to widen our mind by resulting to think outside the box and able to achieve the best results. Sometimes no matter how hard we try, it seems impossible to find ways to solve the problems. By having an appropriate knowledge, we might able to divide the problems into smaller proportions and slowly work out the pieces. By the power of wisdom we possess, it could be real handy whe n we can point out the easy part to solve if its in our expertise and then we emerge from the root itself. The answer might not come instantly but as we thought of the problem over and over again from a different point of view, we might just able to find the right explanation. Angle 2: Comfort Many people say, money is not everything, money does not bring happiness in our life, etc, but money does bring comfort in life. In my opinion, money can buy quality goods such as healthy food, a better and more comfortable shelter or branded clothes to make our life become more comfortable. Quality goods usually cost more than other normal goods. Money can fulfill ones desires. With money, we do not need to worry about our daily life or any financial problem. For example, we can buy leisure things such as a big house or car so that we and our family can live in a comfortable environment. Therefore, money makes life become easier and money does bring comfort in life. With knowledge, its possible to invent new technology to make life comfortable. With knowledge, it is possible to create new products to make life more comfortable. New technology that can relieve us from disease and work can be created with knowledge. With these new technologies, we can live a healthier life and our works can be reduced. These can bring comfort in our life. Other than that, new beauty products can be created to enhance ones look with knowledge. Some technologies have made our life more comfortable. Air cooler is one of the examples. Air cooler is useful to us in a hot day. It makes us to be more comfortable. Thus, knowledge brings comfort in life and makes life more pleasurable. Angle 3: Frienship Money can create friendship by giving a helping hand when your friend is in a tight budget situation, additionally they appreciate the face value of helping hand and the sacrifices you made, we can easily strengthen friendship. In accomplish a goal, one must provide compromises. We understand that theyre in a financial crisis and we learn to communicate with them and there are various methods to assist them in the recovery process. It would make a lot of difference with several kinds of small favours such as treating him to dinner for an occasion, car pooling together or even inviting him to a pot luck dinner to lighten up his burden. A true friend plays a very important role in life. They are there during the happiest time and also hardest time when ones facing a sticky situation. As they are able to listen to your problems, show their attention and able to share their knowledge and experience they had to assist you in decision making. Most of the time in our lives, we bound to step into trouble. Thats where friends comes in and guide us to the right path again. We might not go through many kinds of situations or dilemma but hearing other stories and past gives us the knowledge to prepare for the future outcome and learn from others mistake. By sharing other information, not only we get closure with friends, indirectly we are equipping ourselves with valuable information that we dont get from class or home. In example, if we got a studies problem in class the first thing in mind is to ask a friend. He or she might know but they are willing to try their best to give you the best solution and solve your doubts. Angle 4: Independence People that are having good incomes are able to be financially independence as they are secure in living the lifestyle they desired without fear of over expenses. They will encounter fewer problems such as having limited budget or to cut down expenses in order to maintain their current lifestyle. With enough money, people can solve some of their problem and they will not be stressful in solving the problems. People can also send their children to a good school or college without applying study loan from government. Thus, money does bring independence. Having a good amount of knowledge is able to guide us to be independent in life and to carry ourselves without depending on others. People can solve certain problems by themselves easily if they have an excellent amount of knowledge. Besides that, with knowledge, we can boost our self confidence in dealing with various people without having the fear of people doubting our capability in performing a task or job. In addition, knowledge helps us to know what is right and wrong to do and what we should or should not do in life and to be able to stand on solid grounds. Conclusion Certain criteria in having abundance of money or knowledge do equip an individual in starting off their pathway. Numerous individuals consider that having either one and exclude the other is enough but it is a need to balance out the two important factors. Without a solid education, we might not even able to solve even the simplest task as our depth of knowledge is shallow that we cant show our highest potential. In tackling different business strategy, employees often work in teams and brainstorm with each other to share knowledge of the particular task. We must possess the equivalent set of skills and information to act. The money we accumulate can be put to invest in own business or others and by proper analyzing and research, we can decide whether the money is put to good use to increase our capital and productivity which can turns into profits. Having money gives us an opportunity to broaden up the business while able to venture into other industry. Money has always been a goal for people that want to live an easy and happy life. Individuals are trying various of methods to enhance their skills and careers to make them valuable to the company as to achieve the desired job that can ensure that they are financially independent thus having no worries in indulging themselves to enjoy life. By having valuable expertise, individuals are not afraid to express their view and this helps in boosting inner confidence and self esteem. They are deeply motivated to pursue their aim in setting a reputation for themselves. In addition, if we have powerful knowledge, we might able to change the world by discovering new innovations and technology which can help others. In daily situations where we arent able to go through certain problems, friends are always there to guide us by sharing their knowledge whether in studies or personal relationship or life itself. By exchanging knowledge we are advancing ourselves in tackling a similar situation in the future. We might also able to lend a hand whether is moral support or money support in a way we can relieve his crisis finance. Money and knowledge both plays a vital role in many people life thus it is essential to operate a balance form between them. By doing so, we are aware of the things going around us and we are able to take control over it. Ordinary riches can be stolen, real riches cannot. In your soul are infinitely precious things that cannot be taken from you.

Technology and the Future of State University :: Technology Education Essays

Technology and the Future of State University In the future, State University will be tremendously affected by technology. Through computers, State University's technology will expand. Every student will own a laptop. There will also be a finger print security system installed, and an honor code will be enforced. Finally, the sports facilities and buildings at State University will be redesigned so that they will be state of the art buildings. We live in a world of electronic writing. In the future, every student enrolled at State University will have to purchase a laptop computer. With this new program, teachers will have to have more education to teach these classes and students will benefit from this better education. The Internet will be available to all students in every classroom. I am already being trained to be knowledgeable of computers. Luckily, this will help me for job interviews. Many classes will not meet in the classroom but rather online in the comfort of each student’s own dorm room. This self-teaching method of the future will interest many high schoolers and cause many positive decisions pertaining to whether or not they will attend college. Birkerts states, â€Å"The fate of the book must be considered side by side with the fate of the electronic chip and screen based technologies†(p.479). Just as he explains, through increases in technology, students will all have access to computerized testing, and this luxury will be more convenient for both teachers and students. Teachers will be able to post tests and daily assignments over the Internet. This will be another luxury for students in the future. These availabilities will allow for grades to be posted via email daily, and this will encourage students to navigate the Internet. Obviously, the promptness of this advancement will benefit the test takers. Getting scores back from taken tests soon after they are checked and graded by the computerized system will enhance each student’s learning experience. This new grading system will not only give the students their grade, but also will list the incorrect answers that each student chose along with the c orrect answer. The accurateness of the grading system dealing with information pertaining to correct and incorrect answers will also benefit the student while he or she prepares for the cumulative exam. Needless to say, the fate of the book and paper copy tests is slowly diminishing.

Florida Conquistadors :: essays research papers

The New World A land where people could prosper. A land with plenty of opportunity for quick advancement in the Spanish military and diplomatic careers. Coming to the end of the fifteenth century; there were thousands of daring men and women who would be crossing the ocean to conquer just within a few centuries what had taken the Indians thousands to years to inhabit! The discovery of Gold in Mexico and Peru caused many Spanish men to join the army; Leading a successful colonial mission could get them the funds to build a castle instead of the younger sons of the nobility inheriting a small part of the family estate. There were also those who came for spiritual reasons. More than just priests and church leaders, the eternal blessing of God would be earned by turning the Americas into Catholic lands. Through 1516 and 1561 Florida had been explored by many Spaniards. Two Including: Ponce De Leon and Panfilo De Navareaz†¦ Juan Ponce De Leon Known as the original discoverer of Florida. He was the grandson of a famous war hero. Trained as a soldier and a public servant. Joining Columbus' second voyage with his family they went to retire in the Dominican Republic. Columbus had been made military governor for life, but with his death someone new had to be appointed, Spanish authorities refused to grant it to his son Diego. The Crown had Ponce de Leon of course chosen. His first task was to colonize Puerto Rico; it was accomplished with a few men and a greyhound that scared the natives. Diego Columbus was unhappy and decided to take his claim to the courts in Madrid. He was given his rights. Then becoming military governor, Ponce De Leon was removed from office. He felt his name was damaged and refused to serve Diego. He then was given title to explore the Upper Bahamas and areas to the north. In the Beginning of March in 1513, Ponce de Leon sailed to the Bahamas and headed toward Florida. He was seeking a spiritual rebirth in the Fountain of Youth. March 27, 1513, Easter Sunday, his crew sighted land. Six days later he reached the Florida coast and kept sailing northward to land near St. Augustine. He named the place "Pescua Florida", "the place of flowers,† in honor of Easter Sunday and all the beautiful flowers that bloomed in spring. On their return voyage he met up with the Indians of Jupiter Inlet and took note of the important features on the East Coast. Florida Conquistadors :: essays research papers The New World A land where people could prosper. A land with plenty of opportunity for quick advancement in the Spanish military and diplomatic careers. Coming to the end of the fifteenth century; there were thousands of daring men and women who would be crossing the ocean to conquer just within a few centuries what had taken the Indians thousands to years to inhabit! The discovery of Gold in Mexico and Peru caused many Spanish men to join the army; Leading a successful colonial mission could get them the funds to build a castle instead of the younger sons of the nobility inheriting a small part of the family estate. There were also those who came for spiritual reasons. More than just priests and church leaders, the eternal blessing of God would be earned by turning the Americas into Catholic lands. Through 1516 and 1561 Florida had been explored by many Spaniards. Two Including: Ponce De Leon and Panfilo De Navareaz†¦ Juan Ponce De Leon Known as the original discoverer of Florida. He was the grandson of a famous war hero. Trained as a soldier and a public servant. Joining Columbus' second voyage with his family they went to retire in the Dominican Republic. Columbus had been made military governor for life, but with his death someone new had to be appointed, Spanish authorities refused to grant it to his son Diego. The Crown had Ponce de Leon of course chosen. His first task was to colonize Puerto Rico; it was accomplished with a few men and a greyhound that scared the natives. Diego Columbus was unhappy and decided to take his claim to the courts in Madrid. He was given his rights. Then becoming military governor, Ponce De Leon was removed from office. He felt his name was damaged and refused to serve Diego. He then was given title to explore the Upper Bahamas and areas to the north. In the Beginning of March in 1513, Ponce de Leon sailed to the Bahamas and headed toward Florida. He was seeking a spiritual rebirth in the Fountain of Youth. March 27, 1513, Easter Sunday, his crew sighted land. Six days later he reached the Florida coast and kept sailing northward to land near St. Augustine. He named the place "Pescua Florida", "the place of flowers,† in honor of Easter Sunday and all the beautiful flowers that bloomed in spring. On their return voyage he met up with the Indians of Jupiter Inlet and took note of the important features on the East Coast.

Law and Crown Colony Essay

1. The two other reasons why Spain claimes the country as its possession or ghe property of the King of Spain. †¢ They also claim the country because of their Spirit of Discovery to our country, improvements of their technologies (for travel and trading purposes) and acquisition of our territories †¢ being in actual possession of the philippines, it had the right to colonize it.In other words, Spain claimed the Philippines by right of dicovery and by right of actual occupation or conquest. 2. Crown colony * A crown colony also called a royal colony was a state that was under political control by Britain and that was ruled and governed by a Governor who had been appointed by the monarch through the secretary of state for colonies. Cayman Island is one example of present â€Å"crown colony 3. Because the governor-general himself has a widely range of own powers. He was also the King’s official representative in the colony. He possessed vast executive, legislative, and judicial powers. He issued orders with the force of law, which were called superior decrees. On the other hand, decrees or orders coming from the King of Spain were called Royal decrees or orders. 3. Why was the governor-general powerful? Enumerate his powers. * Because the governor-general himself has a widely range of own powers. He was also the King’s official representative in the colony. He possessed vast executive, legislative, and judicial powers. He issued orders with the force of law, which were called superior decrees. On the other hand, decrees or orders coming from the King of Spain were called Royal decrees or orders. 4. Define or explain the following a. Cumplase e. Capitan b. Audiencia f. Principalia c. Superior Decree g, Cabeza de Barangay d. Indulto de Comercio h. Ayuntamiento * A. Right of the governor to suspend the operation of a Royal decree or order relative in the Philippines if in his opinion, the sads order or decree would not be beneficial to the administration of the country.

Abandon Baby Essay

The abandoned of babies issue is a social disease of our society that lack of humanity values. This problem should not happen in our country which is opposite from our cultural and religious values. Abandonment cases are viewed as a social disease that will shackle our country from being a caring society as the fourth of the nine of Vision 2020 challenge to establishing a fully moral and ethical society, whose citizens are strong in religious and spiritual values and imbued with the highest of ethical standards. See more: Recruitment and selection process essay Most young generations cannot make out and consider what the good and bad things are. It could get rid the moral values in each young generation. The statistics released by Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) regarding the cases of abandon babies in our country since 2005 until January this year was very surprising. Datuk Seri Mohd. Bakri Mohd. Zinin the Director of Criminal Investigation Department in Bukit Aman was disclose the most worrying statistic. Based on PDRM statistics, in the last six year there are 517 recorded cases of abandoned babies. The statistic shows that 517 of infants discharged, 203 boys, 164 girls and 150 are imperfectly formed infants. The worse cases were reports on year 2008 with 102 cases followed by 91 cases on 2010. Over the past six years, only 37 were successful suspects under arrest to help investigations, including four this year. The phenomena of babies born out of wedlock being abandoned or thrown is becoming a worrying trend there has not been any comprehensive study carried out to find their causes and to suggest remedies to shorten the trend including having preventive programmes to youths and teenagers.

Early Modern Period

1450-1750 Early Modern Period Major Developments I. Questions of Periodization A. Major points 1. Shift in power to the West a. Rise of the West with fall of China and India creates imbalance in power that favors Europeans for next 200 years 2. World becomes smaller – almost all civilizations touched by trade 3. New Empires – Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands, Ottoman, Russian, Mughal, Ming 4. Age of Gunpowder B. Changes at end of Postclassical Era 1. Independent societies (Aztecs, Incas) falling apart 2. Arab power declining 3. New invasions – Mongols 4. Ottoman Empire gains power a. Europeans threatened by new force to East 5. Chinese flirt with trade, but Ming bureaucrats pull back 6. Europe enters age of exploration C. Western Europe 1. Unusual agricultural civilization 2. New view of family – nuclear a. Love toward spouse b. Affection toward children 3. Return to rational thought 4. Stable political structures a. Absolute monarchy b. Parliamentary monarchies 5. Religious reformers a. Reform the Church b. Protestant Reformation D. Effects of Global Economy 1. By 1750, almost everyone knows everyone 2. Food exchange – new staple crops to Africa (corn), Europe (potato) 3. Unequal relationships – master, slave, owners, workforce 4. Slaves and serfs 5. Diseases E. Themes 1. Declining emphasis of nomads 2. Direct relationships – ambassadors replace intermediaries (Nomads) 3. Gender relations remain patriarchal 4. Labor relations change – master/slave – abuse of indigenous peoples 5. A few commercial leaders get rich 6. Environmental changes a. ood, animal, disease exhange 7. Native vegetation a. Deforestation for staple crops b. Grazing land for newly introduced beasts of burden 8. Centralization of governments a. Modern government 1. bureaucracies 2. agencies 3. admiralties 4. treasuries 5. general staff 6. state banks 9. Nation-states began to emerge a. solid political units with fixed borders b. sense of national unity c. populations relatively homogenous – language/e thnicity F. Larger Trends 1. Americas overwhelmed by outsiders 2. Three trends a. Western expansion . Globalization of trade c. Gunpowder 3. Reactions a. Embrace by choice b. Embrace by force c. Choose to remain independent, involve in trade on own terms G. Why 1450 and 1750 1. 1450 a. End of the Middle Ages b. Beginning of the Northern Renaissance – away from Italian city-states c. English evicted from France d. Unified France began to exercise its power e. Globalization of trade begins f. Direct contact between Europe and sub-Saharan Africa/Americas g. End of the Byzantine Empire h. Ottoman Turks rise to power

Education in Saudi Arabia and the United States of America Essay

Education continues to be the priority of all nations around the world. Countries devote vast resources to ensure equal opportunity to study for their people. In return, the educated segment of the population becomes the wealth of these nations and will more likely meet the social and economic demands of the country. The educational systems are continuously developed to meet not just the local but also the global demands and challenges. It is more appropriate to look at the disparity on the education sector of one country to another in order to determine what needs to be improved and developed in one’s educational system. This paper aims to provide an assessment on the similarities and differences of education in two countries, Saudi Arabia and the United States of America (USA). The education in Saudi Arabia and the USA are similar in terms of government spending on education, freedom to choose the school where they will attend to, and education for people with special needs, while differ in terms of attitude towards education, literacy rate, religion in school, gender roles, grading scales, and stages of education. Both the Saudi Arabia and USA government spend immense resources on the education sector. The Saudi Arabia government’s increased awareness on the importance of education to its people paved way to its provision of bountiful support to education. Like the USA government, the Saudi Arabia government finance general education for both boys and girls. It also provides free post-secondary education and offers financial help to students. At cases, meals, books, and transportation are subsidized. In the same way, the USA government offers free general and post-secondary education for all financed by the government. In both countries, students are also allowed to choose what school they will attend to. They have the options to enroll in public, private, or home school. Most of the parents prefer to send their children in public school practically because they are much â€Å"free† from burden. There were also those who prefer private schools thinking that these schools might provide better, quality education to their children especially for those seeking a competitive edge in college admission. A few considers home schooling best for their children for reasons that they can effectively tailor a curriculum that would best suit their children’s academic strengths and weaknesses, especially those with disabilities. Aside from home schooling, those with disabilities may be sent to schools which will cater to their needs like schools for the blind, deaf, physically and mentally handicapped, among others (Education, 2005). The Saudi Arabia and USA governments have put on these schools to encourage individuals to their full potential and share social and emotional experiences with their peers having the same conditions as themselves. The curricula in the special classes given to the students were tailored fit to their needs. For instance, the educational programs given to the blind and deaf individuals were different. For sure, blind students were thought of using Braille while deaf students do not. One variation the Saudi Arabia and the USA government have is the attitude towards education. In the USA, school attendance is mandatory and nearly universal at primary and secondary levels. School districts meet to discuss school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies to further improve the education in the state. On the other hand, in Saudi Arabia, the government does not impose mandatory attendance in school. Although, it is encouraged that the free primary and secondary education are availed since education is given free and open to every citizen. The literacy rate for the two countries presented, are varied. The USA literacy rate is estimated at 99% for both men and women, whereas, literacy rate in Saudi Arabia is estimated at only 84. 7% for men and 70. 8% for women (Literacy, 2007). The Saudi Arabia government recognizes the importance of literacy in propelling the economy; hence, one of its objectives for the education sector is to eradicate illiteracy especially among adults and girls through several literacy programs. In the USA, despite the high literacy rate, the government is continually implementing programs to further develop the education sector. Religion is the main core of education in Saudi Arabia. The curricula developed conform to the Shari’ah (Islamic holy law) and the Qur’an. Men were trained of Islamic education to become members of religious clergy. They provide religious secondary education with focus primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies, although, the curriculum also includes general education. The schools which administer these were Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University and the Islamic University of Medinah (Sedgwick, 2001). On the contrary, education in the USA is not focused on religion but there are some schools which may offer religion subjects that are not quite extensive as religion studies in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, education is segregated by sex. Education for boys is different from education for girls. Education is divided into three separately administered systems: general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education for boys (Sedgwick, 2001). However, in the recent years, education for girls was continuously being developed to meet the growing demands of the country. Unlike in the USA, education is offered to both sexes, giving them equal opportunity to study. The educational programs that were developed cater to both sexes. Grading scales were prepared to gauge the students’ performance on school. Grading scales in the USA and Saudi Arabia differ. In the USA, marks were given on the scale of A to F. In the criterion-referenced system, the equivalent grades of these to 0 to 100 percentile are as follows: A=95-100 or 90-100, B=85-95 or 80-90, C=75-85 or 70-80, D=65-75 or 60-70, and F is given to marks below 65 or 60. There is also the norm-referenced system where marks are given as follows: A=top 10% of the class, B=next 20% of the class, C=next 30% of the class, D=next 20% of the class, and bottom 20% of the class (Grading systems, n. d). On the contrary, the grading scale in Saudi Arabia was given as follows: 5=90-100, 4=80-89, 3=70-79, 2=60-69, and 1=0-59 (Sedgwick, 2001). The stages of education in both countries also vary. Education in Saudi Arabia starts with primary, followed by secondary, and higher education. Primary education is for ages 6 to 12. An intermediate education, which is part of primary education, is carried out for ages 12 to 15. Secondary education is divided into three: general, religious, and technical. These are taken by ages 15 to 18. The higher education is also divided into three stages: the baccaloreus (bachelor’s degree-4 years), darajat al majisteer (master’s degree – 2years), and doctoorah (doctorate– minimum of 3 years) (Sedgwick, 2001). On the other hand, education in the USA is composed of these stages: preschool (1 or 2 yrs), elementary/middle/high school (12 yrs), associate, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees (Structure: General Information, n. . ). The differences in education in both countries mainly lie on their history, culture, social and economic conditions, whereas, the similarities were bought about by their desire to provide accessible, quality education free and open to all. Education stimulates the people to contribute to its country in addressing the increasing local and global demands. This motivates the countries to improve and further develop its educational system.

The Similarities of Alfred Hitchcock and Edward Hopper Essay Essays

The Similarities of Alfred Hitchcock and Edward Hopper Essay Essays The Similarities of Alfred Hitchcock and Edward Hopper Essay Paper The Similarities of Alfred Hitchcock and Edward Hopper Essay Paper Essay Topic: Rear Window Alfred Hitchcock. besides known as. â€Å"The Maestro of Suspense† . was a manager to a assortment of award winning movies. Many Hitchcock films will be perceptibly inspired by legion pictures. including the work of iconic creative person Edward Hopper. Hopper. born in New York. was good known for his realist pictures. Comparing the pictures and movies. one will see the similarities displayed between the two. Alfred Hitchcock and Edward Hopper are linked by making an eerie temper through their usage of illuming. composing. and point of view. Both Hitchcock and Hopper tend to utilize dark illuming with shadows every bit good as insulating a little group of people seen from an ‘outside looking in’ point of position. Edward Hopper is able to capture suspense in his pictures and he does this through his usage of illuming. He casts shadows and darkness in peculiar pictures in order to convey the temper he wishes to accomplish. In his most celebrated picture. â€Å"Nighthawks† . Hopper uses shadows as a technique to make a unusual feeling for the scene. The lone visible radiation in the picture appears to be coming from the diner itself. It casts shadows on the outside which makes the viewer admiration what will go on next. Because it is dark. there is something eerie about why these people are up so tardily at dark. Similar to Hopper. Hitchcock uses cryptic shadows to make this peculiar temper. This is seen through a still image of his film â€Å"Rear Window† . During this scene. the chief character Jeff. who is a wheel chair bound photojournalist. is confronted by Lars Thorwald. a going jewellery salesman who Jeff believes murdered person. Lars shows up in Jeff’s flat and the lighting dramatis personae upon him is dark. His figure is clearly at that place but the shadows cover his face wholly. which helps to demo this cryptic. eerie temper. Unlike Hopper. Hitchcock has an advantage of puting sound into the scene which adds to the ambiance of uncertainness. If it had been twenty-four hours clip or igniter in the room. the scene would non hold portrayed the same temper. This first-class usage of shadows by both Hopper and Hitchcock create the ghostliness they are both good known for. Alfred Hitchcock tended to concentrate on a little group of chief characters in each scene to make suspense. This was seen in his film â€Å"Vertigo† . The chief character. Scottie. is a retired investigator and was hired by Gavin Elster to follow his married woman. Madeline Elster. As the secret plan thickens. Madeline purportedly jumps off the roof of the church and kills herself. Scottie meets a new adult female. Judy Barton. who has an eldritch resemblance to Madeline. The scene in the still image is when Scottie is recognizing that Judy pretended to be Madeline so Gavin could slay his married woman and people would merely presume she was brainsick. As Scottie realizes this. the camera position is focused on merely him. By insulating him entirely. Hitchcock has enabled the audience to calculate the secret plan out aboard Scottie. This flooring disclosure creates an eerie feeling and gets the intended temper across. Like Hitchcock. Hopper tends to utilize the technique of insulating his characters. In the picture â€Å"Automat† . there is a adult female sitting by herself in a diner. Although non given off of the first feeling. the picture can give off an eerie temper. For illustration. her facial look is clean and she is submerging in the darkness from the back land. The image presents a dead silence which helps show the intended temper. Hopper had a inclination to paint his pictures as an foreigner position to construct a sense of inscrutability. In his picture â€Å"Nighthawk† . Hopper illustrates four people on the interior of a coffeehouse. The spectator is able to see all of the people in the scene because of the point of position. The adult male on the far left has his dorsum turned so one can non construe his temper ; although his caput is down which makes the spectator infer he is believing. The miss and male child sitting following to each other may be a twosome. but the spectator can non cognize for certain. The waiter may hold a drink in his manus or it could be something more leery. but because the spectator can non see his custodies they can non be certain of what the object is. By being able to see everyone in the picture and being able to analyse each character. the temper conveys eeriness because the spectator has unanswered inquiries and enigma. Hitchcock besides uses an ‘outside looking in’ point of position in the film â€Å"Rear Window† . The secret plan of the film is based around the chief character watching people through his flat window. In the still image. Jeff. the chief character. tickers as his neighbour goes in and out of his flat and so takes knifes out of his bag. If the spectator was in the room with the neighbour. they would be able to state what was traveling on. By being on the exterior. it leaves the spectator thinking which so creates a cliff-hanging. eerie temper. Edward Hopper and Alfred Hitchcock are un-doubtfully similar when it comes to inside informations. Hitchcock may non be a painter. but his work has been influenced by pictures. The comparing between both of Hitchcock and Hopper’s work shows that art has an influence throughout all the different types there are. The two creative persons create different chef-doeuvres. but the similarities between the two aid separate the eerie temper.

buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay

buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay As it is known, to increase its power and strengthen the control, every gang endeavors to recruit new members. Unfortunately, the most probable candidates are the students of the middle and high schools since they possess required physical characteristics. Besides, the minds of teenagers are especially vulnerable and can be easily manipulated. Therefore, pretty often the youth becomes a target of gangs leaders. It goes without saying that the purpose of police officers is to eliminate and control the plausible expansion of mobsters in their areas. To elaborate an effective individual plan of actions, first of all, a police officer is supposed to define and study the reasons why an adolescent may become interested in joining a gang. It is crucial because apprehension of these factors helps to distinguish the most efficient ways to decrease the criminals negative impact on young individuals. There are certain consistent patterns according to which the recruitment of new gang members happens. For example, children may not get enough attention at home and/or at school and search for the ways to replace the missing relationship. Unfortunately, the desired interaction may be found in a gang since it creates the sense of friendship and family (Friedrichs, 1999). The teenagers may mistakenly consider such treatment as an advantage to get emotional closeness that implies understanding and acceptance, which they lack at home or school. Besides, joining a gang often becomes a means to avoid unpleasant daily experience at home and educational establishment. To be more specific, the acknowledgement that one is a part of something more powerful is a defensive mechanism of persons mind. It helps to increase self-esteem and become more confident instead of feeling distress and dissatisfaction in class or during family time (Friedrichs, 1999). Moreover, associating with criminals may b e considered as a manifestation of the survival instinct. In particular, the idea to join a group of powerful people and be protected by them reduces the fear of being abused by adults or peers. In addition, the youth engages in illegal interaction in ordr to obtain respect and financial prosperity (Friedrichs, 1999). Furthermore, young individuals whose relatives are connected with neighborhood gang (s) may be compelled by their families (or just feeling obliged) to enter the criminal world in order to continue family tradition. In addition, some students feel bored, they do not have strictly determined life goals and thus, are poorly motivated to maintain legal and ethical social interaction. Besides, certain teenagers have not developed the skills to constructively express feelings of anger and rage (Friedrichs, 1999). It means that they tend to seek for alternative ways to reveal their internal emotional conditions. Taking into account the causes of entering the gangs and the patterns of this process, it is possible to elaborate an individual plan of actions for a police officer who aims to lessen the crime statistics. The measures to avert successful recruitment of new gang members presume working with children as well as with their parents and teachers. First and foremost, it is necessary to define the reasons which force adolescents to join criminals that are relevant in a particular area. In other words, it is important to find out what approach the bandits utilize for recruitment. Having learned the criminals mechanisms of influence, it is recommended to define vulnerable students who, potentially, can easily succumb to negative influence. This group of individuals requires precise attention of the police officer, who is supposed to work with the students and their role models. Knowing the plausible reasons of joining a gang, a police officer may address this problem to community in the mos t effective ways. There can be implemented explanatory conversations with school staff, parents and students regarding possible measures to avoid the illegal path. For instance, if a person has low self-esteem, it is relevant to consult school psychologist in order to improve self-evaluation. Besides, if a teenager experiences domestic violence or is abused by teachers or peers, s/he should be provided with a healthy and safe environment. It presumes that the guilty people should be punished and/or a child should be taken from hazardous life conditions. To succeed with these tasks, a police officer is supposed to establish trustworthy relations with vulnerable adolescents by conducting relevant conversations and, if necessary, assigning them to experts, such as physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists and others. What is more, it is required to encourage the adults to find proper ways to communicate with teenagers developing trust and emotional connections in which the youth feels c omfortable and safe. The increase in the number of gang members is similar to an epidemic and, thus, should be treated accordingly. In particular, the vulnerable persons should be strengthened and the infected ones should be cured, isolated from the community or, at the very least, their negative impact should be lessened by developing societal immunity. The effectiveness of police officers actions can be measured by the number of vulnerable teenagers that s/he managed to save from entering the illegal path by joining a neighborhood gang. For instance, the more graduates are not related to gangs, the bigger is officers success in individual attempts to eliminate the mobsters. Summing up the above-mentioned, one may deduce that reducing the number of gang members requires considerable efforts from both sides: police department and individual initiative of a police officer. What is more, it is a long process with remote and hardly predictable outcomes. The process of the control of gangs expansion presumes the identification of criminals methods of recruitment (what helps them to attract new members) and most probable reasons why the students may agree to join a group of bandits. Thereafter, it is important to distinguish young people who are more likely to fall under the gangs influence. Comprehending this information, an officer must involve qualified experts, who are supposed to help young people to reduce their susceptibility to criminals impact. Finally, a police officer must monitor the effectiveness of his/her work in order to be sure that the implemented approaches are relevant and bring good results. Buy custom The Problem of Gangs essay

eat this essays

eat this essays Imagine being in a position that gave you the power to inspire a race and gain the respect of another. Booker T. Washington, a prominent and extremely successful African-American had that opportunity. This opportunity came in the times of the emancipation of slavery. And when given the chance he excelled. In his book, Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington exposes readers to the hardships he faced from the time he was a slave, until the times he became a leader among African-Americans. His book gives detailed accounts of his life, from a first. It speaks of slavery, racism, triumph, and struggle, which all couldn't overpower handwork. Hard working was something Washington believed in and was. The most in unheard voice at the time of slavery both past and present, was that of the African-American women. During these periods, female accomplishments were not recognized. These accomplishments have been brought forth for people to view them in one of many books. The book, Voice from the S outh, by Anna Cooper combines works of fiction, poetry, autobiographies, and biographies. Cooper was one of few black woman of her time to earn a Ph.D. She was a feminist who believed that women's voices shouldn't go unheard. The book displays great moments of triumph that conquer over hard bearing obstacles. The book is quite interesting one that focuses on black women's writings in the nineteenth and twentieth century. The context however seems to jump around from subject to subject, which could often confuse the reader. This book seems to be drunk on syntax blind to semantics. In other words this book tended to use words that went around the subject. These books try to focus on all aspects of the struggles of both women of color and of African Americans as a whole. A big difference between these books is the fact that one of the voices was heard while the other silenced. Though in times of racism, black males still received more respect then women. My ...

of mice of men essays

of mice of men essays Friends are always a part of your life and help you out. They are always there for you and they comfort you at times of hardship. In this book, Of Mice and Men, written by John Steinbeck, it shows the story about the lives of George and Lennie and their unconditional love for each other. George and Lennie are the best of friends, but sometimes in life, your best friend can be your worst enemy. Lennie, the main character of the book is a man that always ruins dreams. Although, I still do admire George and Lennies determination to reach that dream of owning their own little house and Lennie taking care of his rabbits. To reach these dreams they use each others strong points to successfully accomplish tasks. Lennie, being physically strong, while George being mentally strong is their main strong points. One could not survive without the other. The book was mainly about the bond and relationship between two friends. Lennie hung around George for most of his life, and they were really close, but Lennie had this problem due to slight mental retardation, which kept him in a child state mind. Lennie would always ruin Georges plans and dreams and not even know it. Everywhere Lennie and George goes to get a job, they always end up getting into a lot of trouble, and eventually leave to start new and fresh someplace else. In one part of the book, Lennie kills Curlys wife whil e petting her hair, so in revenge Curly wants to kill him. George had two choices, whether to watch Lennie die painfully and slowly, or kill Lennnie himself with one shot to the head. That shows Georges true friendship when he decided to shoot Lennie himself because he wanted Lennie to die fast instead of Curly making him suffer. George shooting Lennie is a symbol, which shows the great love and friendship between them even though everything is sacrificed. ...

State Facts in Spanish Using the Indicative Mood

State Facts in Spanish Using the Indicative Mood In addition to traditional verb tenses, such as present and past tense, there are three moods that are also used in Spanish. These verb tenses reflect the way a sentence is constructed. The most common mood in Spanish is the indicative mood, which is used in ordinary, typical speech when making statements. In Spanish and English, the three moods are indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.  The mood of a verb is a property that relates to how the person using the verb feels about its factuality or likelihood. The distinction is made much more often in Spanish than it is in English. In Spanish, the indicative is referred to as the ​el indicativo. More About the Indicative Mood The indicative mood is used to talk about  actions, events, or true statements. It is typically used for making factual statements or describing obvious qualities of a person or situation.   In a sentence such as I  see  the dog, which translates to veo  el perro, the verb veo is in the indicative mood. Other examples of the indicative mood include  Irà ©Ã‚  a casa, which means, I  will go  home, or compramos  dos manzanas, which translates to we  bought  two apples. These are both statements of fact. The verbs in the sentences are conjugated, or changed into forms that reflect the indicative mood. Difference Between Subjunctive and Indicative Mood The indicative mood contrasts with the subjunctive mood, which is often used in making subjective or contrary-to-fact statements. The subjunctive mood is used to talk about  desires, doubts, wishes, conjectures, and possibilities, and there are many instances of its use in Spanish. For example, If I  were  young, I would be a soccer player, translates to,  Si  fuera  joven, serà ­a  futbolista.  The verb fuera uses the subjunctive form of the verb,  ser, to be. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English. For a rare example of the subjunctive mood in English, the phrase if I  were a rich man refers to a contrary-to-fact condition. Note, the verb were does not agree with the subject or object, but here, it is used correctly in the sentence - since in this case, it is being used in the subjunctive mood. The  Spanish language seems to have no problem using the  verb in the subjunctive mood when the corresponding English sentence (in almost all cases) will use the indicative mood.   Use of the Imperative Mood In English, the indicative mood is used nearly all the time, except when giving  direct commands. Then, the imperative  mood  comes into play.   In Spanish, the imperative mood is used mostly in informal speech and  is one of the more unusual verb forms in Spanish.  Since direct commands sometimes can sound rude or impolite, the imperative form may be avoided in favor of other verb constructions. An example of the imperative mood would be eat, as in a mother directing her child to eat. In English, the word can stand alone as a sentence when used in this way. The verb comer means, to eat in Spanish. This sentence would be stated simply as  come or  come  tà º.

Biography of Anna Comnena, the First Female Historian

Biography of Anna Comnena, the First Female Historian Byzantine Princess Anna Comnena (Dec. 1 or 2, 1083–1153) was the first woman known to personally record historical events as a historian.  She also was a political figure who attempted to influence royal succession in the Byzantine Empire. In addition to The Alexiad, her 15-volume history on her fathers reign and related events, she wrote on medicine and ran a hospital and is sometimes identified as a physician. Fast Facts: Anna Comnena Known For: First female historianAlso Known As: Anna Komnene, Anna Komnena, Anna of ByzantiumBorn: Dec. 1 or 2, 1083 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpireParents: Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, Irene DucasDied: 1153 in Constantinople, Byzantine EmpirePublished Work: The AlexiadSpouse: Nicephorus Bryennius Early Life and Education Anna Comnena was born on Dec. 1 or 2, 1083, in Constantinople, which was then the capital city of the Byzantine Empire and later of the Latin and Ottoman empires and finally of Turkey. It has been called Istanbul since the early 20th century. Her mother was Irene Ducas and her father was the Emperor Alexius I Comnenus, who ruled from 1081 to 1118. She was the eldest of her fathers children, born in Constantinople just a few years after he took over the throne as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire by seizing it from Nicephorus III. Anna seems to have been a favorite of her father. She was betrothed at a young age to Constantine Ducas, a cousin on her mothers side and a son of Michael VII, the predecessor to Nicephorus III, and Maria Alania. She was then placed under Maria Alanias care, a common practice of the time. The young Constantine was named a co-emperor and was expected to be heir to Alexius I, who at that time had no sons. When Annas brother John was born, Constantine no longer had a claim on the throne. He died before the marriage could take place. As with some other medieval Byzantine royal women, Comnena was well-educated. She studied the classics, philosophy, music, science, and mathematics. Her studies included astronomy and medicine, topics about which she wrote later in her life.  As a royal daughter, she also studied military strategy, history, and geography. Although she credits her parents with being supportive of her education, her contemporary, Georgias Tornikes, said at her funeral that shed had to study ancient poetry- including The Odyssey- surreptitiously, as her parents disapproved of her reading about polytheism. Marriage In 1097 at the age of 14, Comnena married Nicephorus Bryennius, who was also a historian.  They had four children together in their 40 years of marriage. Bryennius had some claim to the throne as a statesman and general, and Comnena joined her mother, the Empress Irene, in a vain attempt to persuade her father to disinherit her brother, John, and replace him in the line of succession with Bryennius. Alexius appointed Comnena to head a 10,000-bed hospital and orphanage in Constantinople. She taught medicine there and at other hospitals and developed expertise on gout, an illness from which her father suffered. Later, when her father was dying, Comnena used her medical knowledge to choose from among the possible treatments for him. He died despite her efforts in 1118, and her brother John became emperor, John II Comnenus. Succession Plots After her brother was on the throne, Comnena and her mother plotted to overthrow him and to replace him with Annas husband, but Bryennius apparently refused to take part in the plot. Their plans were discovered and thwarted, Anna and her husband had to leave the court, and Anna lost her estates. When Comnenas husband died in 1137, she and her mother were sent to live in the convent of Kecharitomene, which Irene had founded.  The convent was devoted to learning, and there, at age 55, Comnena began serious work on the book for which she will long be remembered. The Alexiad A historical account of her fathers life and reign that her late husband had begun, The Alexiad totaled 15 volumes when it was completed and was written in Greek rather than in Latin, the spoken language of her place and time. In addition to recounting her fathers accomplishments, the book became a valuable source to later historians as a pro-Byzantine account of the early Crusades. While the book was written to praise Alexius accomplishments, Annas place at court for most of the period it covered made it more than that. She had been privy to details that were unusually accurate for histories of the time period. She wrote about the military, religious, and political aspects of history and was skeptical of the value of the Latin churchs First Crusade, which occurred during her fathers reign. She also wrote of her isolation at the convent and of her disgust with her husbands unwillingness to carry through with the plot that would have put him on the throne, noting that perhaps their genders should have been reversed. Legacy In addition to recounting her fathers reign, the book describes religious and intellectual activities within the empire and reflects the Byzantine  concept  of the imperial office. It also is a valuable account of the early Crusades, including character sketches of the First Crusades leaders and of others with whom Anna had direct contact. Comnena also wrote in The Alexiad about medicine and astronomy, demonstrating her considerable knowledge of science. She included references to the accomplishments of a number of women, including her influential grandmother Anna Dalassena. The Alexiad  was first translated into English in 1928 by another pioneering woman, Elizabeth Dawes, a  British classical scholar and the first woman to receive a doctorate in literature from the University of London. Sources Anna Comnena: Byzantine Princess. Encyclopedia Britannica.Anna Comnena: Byzantine Historian of the First Crusade. Women in World History Curriculum.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 100

Summary - Essay Example Through censoring hostile traditional ideology was stack to the past giving room for civilization and modernization. Addie Prater Graham birth is estimated to be before 1900 in eastern Kentucky Mountains. She grew up around music and at the end of it she herself was a master in singing. Addie’s songs recorded in 1970s by her grandson Rich Kirby and Barbara Edwards, reflect as far back as the British Isles alongside others created in America as ditties, frolic songs and religious songs in line with the vintage Baptist tradition. Despite it being against the Baptist tradition to use instruments she went on to learn from a big variety of musical instruments during her childhood. The result was she grew up to become an accomplished singer with a pro quality style ornamented with Kenturcky oral tradition (Kirby, 2011:pp1-12). Addie went on to be married to Amos Graham and was blessed with three children Kirby, (2011:6). She and her family lived in Breathitt County before finally moving to Cynthiana Harrison County. In Cynthiana she ran a clothing store together with her daughter before finally resting in 1977. The recording of her first album been a long time traveling by the Appal Record Labe was the bed her recognition this is though she had been singing for very many years. Her songs have gone ahead to be recorded by others like Ginny Hawker, Mike Seeger among others

Research Paper on Exploring Advertising's Impact on Our Society

On Exploring Advertising's Impact on Our Society - Research Paper Example Moreover with the launch of face book and Twitter, the communication process has become more influencing than ever. The Advertising media’s influence on children has created a new social type in the society. Everywhere in the world, the largest audience of television is the children in young age group. â€Å"Children are a captive audience: The average American child watches an estimate between 25,000 to 40,000 television commercials per year. In the UK, it is about 10,000†.The Advertisers employ children who are popular in their advertisements in order to catch young people’s attention .The aim of advertisers is to develop a brand loyalty with the children as they can persuade the parents to buy their products .The brand loyalty once created with a child will remain throughout their lives. According to (O’reilly, pg.248)â€Å" Corporations spend approximately $ 17 billion each year for marketing to children†. The main reason for advertiser’s to target children is because of the influence they have on their father and mother. The Current Phenomenon of Advertising The concept of advertising emerged as a process to influence the behavior and attitudes of a person in favor of the products of a company. Nowadays, we can find advertisement in every place we come in contact with. The main point of channelizing advertisements is newspapers, television channels, internet and radio. The main objective of advertising is to create desire and interest in targeted people. Today the advertising which appear on internet and television are much shorter but extremely attention seeking. As per (Janoschka ,pg.12)â€Å" Today advertising must employ a variety of strategies in reactions to new conditions of communications, diversified markets and customers. Today the market is customer – oriented and advertisement is the sole method by which products enter the market. Now it is a normal practice to employ various gimmicks in adverti sement to widen the customer market and beat competition. At present the media is overloaded with information and people are suffocated with product knowledge. The overload of information means there is excess of information to be interpreted and processed .The information released by the advertising media is so wide- ranging and comprehensive that it becomes difficult for people to retrieve it.Morever, the emergence of internet has made advertising so rampant that it is difficult to ignore or avoid it. Due to increase in market segmentation the variety of products launched and marketed is enormous. The advertising instruments used to market products also get diversified and the primary source of advertisement is newspaper, then radio, television and internet. The Primary Target of Advertising At present, the advertising media is not targeted towards adults but on children who are aged 12 and under. The advertisers have discovered a huge potential in children and formulate much of t heir advertising strategies keeping them in mind. This surge in children – oriented marketing developed a couple of decades ago and now turned into a massive industry. The main reason behind it is that the children molded as a potential customer would later be loyal to the product continuously. It is easy for an advertiser to establish brand

Reflection on the movie We Are Marshall Research Paper

Reflection on the movie We Are Marshall - Research Paper Example Reflection on the movie "We Are Marshall" I consider this movie as an apt tribute to the victims of the plane crash because the remaining members of the Thundering Herd football team are not ready to give up. Besides, the movie is symbolic of the relationship between sports and willpower to withstand critical circumstances in human life. The film and the history of sports and games in America The director makes use of a historical incident in his film to portray the after effect of the same. But the director does not try to unearth the background of the tragic incident. Instead, he utilizes the incident as the background of his film. One can see that injury is usual in sports and games. But destruction of a whole team due to a plane crash is unimaginable. Within this context, the McG is aware of his role as film director. He never tries to unveil the background of the tragic incident. But he totally ignores the background and concentrates his attention on the after effect of the plane crash. If the director tries to concentr ate on the background of the incident, the output will be a historical anecdote. Here, a film direct cannot use his or her individual freedom. If the director decides to make use of an incident as a theme, he or she can utilize individual freedom. In my opinion, the director did not get distracted by the historical importance of the incident. This helps the film to go beyond a historical anecdote with limited scope. So, one can see that a historical event is the film’s theme but the same is used as a foundation to portray the after effects or the following events. ... Tribute to the victims of plane crash The film is based upon a real incident which happened in the year 1970 in America. Baker Publishing Group (2009) stated that, â€Å"In the sports movie We Are Marshall, nearly the entire Marshall University football team dies in a plane crash† (p. 411). The team members and the officials of the Thundering Herd football team became victims to the Southern Airways Flight 932 crash. The travel by flight was a rare event for the Thundering Herd football team because they usually made use of other transportation facilities. The Marshall University never suspected a tragic end to their players. One can see that the future dreams of number of families became futile due to the plane crash. But the University authorities were not ready to forget the victims and their family members. The memorials erected at the University campus and Spring Hill Cemetery is symbolic of the homage to the victims of the plane crash. On the other side, the directorâ₠¬â„¢s attempt to inculcate the plane crash and its after effects in his film can be considered as an apt visual tribute for the victims. But the director never tries to consider his film as investigation on the back ground of the plane crash. Instead, he tries to attract the attention of the viewers towards the after effects of the tragedy. I consider the director’s effort is important because it helps the viewers to realize that how to show tribute to the victims of manmade or natural disasters. Sports and games and willpower I consider that one’s achievement in the field of sports is interconnected with one’s willpower to withstand challenges in life. At the same time, failure to achieve success in a sports event helps human beings to realize that the

Sport Tourism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sport Tourism - Assignment Example 24) that "globalisation has helped to create a setting in which English national identity has more sporting opportunities in which to express itself than at any previous point in history. The Olympics survived the Second World War, and have become consolidated as the premier multi-sport event in the world, with their winter version also increasing in popularity." The Olympics and Paralympics 2012 have brought to the doorsteps of UK a tourism opportunity of great magnitude. In the process of welcoming the world in 2012, UK gets a chance of escalating the growth of its economy. As observed by Jowell, "between 50% and 75% of the economic benefits of the Games will accrue to tourism." According to a report prepared by the International Council for Local Environment Initiatives (ICLEI) for the Commission on Sustainable Development, the UN Commission has set some principles for development issues in tourism. "These principles can provide basis for effective partnerships for sustainable tourism planning and development in local tourist destinations. (1999, p.10) The authorities responsible for the sport tourism development issues in London should consult these principles to achieve their goals. They should pay attention to the development issues like trying to solve all problems before, during and after the development projects' implementation and evaluation phase. In addition to this they should try to focus their attention on issues like limits of developments, what needs to be paid attention to immediately and what can wait for some time. The ecological problems should also be paid attention to. In all this tourism development measures, the local people should not feel cut off. They should be made an integral part of the development procedures. Their problems like drainage, sewerage, infrastructure requirements etc. should be paid attention to because until and unless the problems of local people are solved; it is impossible to create a good atmosphere for tourists. If the available resources are not sufficient for the local people then how can the huge number of tourists be accommodated comfortably All the local bodies, even those belonging to the grassroots level shou ld be encouraged to participate actively in the sport tourism development issues on the eve of the 2012 games. Apart from the above mentioned issues it should be clear that the development should not be at the cost of degradation of environment and local culture. Environment and culture are the wealth that will attract more and more tourists to the host destination. Impacts and implications for hosting the London 2012 Games There will be a favourable growth of GDP in London when the 2012 games are held but this implies that the rest of UK will not benefit as all the resources and attention will be directed towards the host city. London will have a favourable impact in not only GDP but in other areas too. Unfortunately the implications of the positive impact upon London will be that, the rest of the areas of UK will experience a negative impact. For example all the investments in infrastructure, social work, beautification and creation of new jobs would be restricted to London and as a result the rest of the UK will remain untouched of the benefits. In this

The financial sector in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The financial sector in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Theoretically, there are different types of financing system followed by different countries. These financing systems are aimed to help the borrower to generate the required funds. These systems also help the government of the country to perform their various economical activities, efficiently. The efficient management of various economic activities of a country such as construction of building, houses and other infrastructure, accomplishment of all the basic necessities of residents of that country like education, medical facilities, employment, etc, production, trading in international market, etc. is the indicators of the prosperity of the country.   In theoretical aspects, the conventional loan is a sort of a traditional mortgage loan which is provided by banks, credits unions, financial institutions and local money lenders. The interest rate for these types of loans is set by money lenders as per their own terms and conditions. This interest rate is relatively high for taking maximum benefits in this type of financing system. There is need of high down payments and mortgage or security for these types of loan. There are several differences in the conventional.  Where as Murahaba financing is also a kind of financing which is known as the 'cost-plus financing'. This financing system is one of the most important systems prevailing in various Islamic countries. There is no additional interest is charged in this type of dealing (International Monetary Fund 2006).

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) Essay

Financial accounting (Asset, liability, revenue, expense and sale) - Essay Example Further those are classified as tangible or intangible assets. Use of fixed assets is written off to profit and loss account as depreciation. Liabilities are of two types, namely current liabilities and non- current liabilities. Liabilities whose obligation to pay arise within a period of twelve months or in a business cycle are called current liabilities. These are classified in balance sheet on liabilities side as ‘current liabilities’ and also include the current obligations (arising within 12 months) of long term liabilities. It may also be shown as deduction from current assets in order to calculate net current assets. Long term liabilities or non- current liabilities are those are due to be paid beyond a period of twelve months or a business cycle. These are shown separately than current liabilities on liability side of balance sheet. Expenses: Expenses generally result from increases in liabilities or decreases in assets. For example rent for use of business premises increases the current liabilities and thus results in expenses. Expenses are deducted from total revenue or income in an income statement or profit and loss account in order to compute profits or losses during an accounting period. Expenses may be revenue expenditure or non- revenue expenditure Revenue expenses are used to compute profits or losses of the business. Non- revenue expenses are generally added to assets in respect of which those are incurred. Sale: Sale of goods takes place on transfer of ownership to the buyer and receipt of value or claim to the sales value of such goods. Sales are recognized as revenue from regular business of entity. The goods dealt in are those in the regular course of business of the entity. Sale is treated as revenue or income in the profit and loss account for purpose of calculation of profit or loss earned during the accounting period. Sales that are

Evaluation of a planned actiity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of a planned actiity - Essay Example But the ideas of some people concerning children growing up in bilingual environments have not in any way benefited these children, and may have an adverse effect on them. Therefore, when a parent changes jobs and it involves moving to a different part of the world, there is linguistic demand on them and their children (Romaine, 1995). During the first week, I observed the children in the role play area and offered guidance and assistance when needed. In the second week I joined the children in the role play area, initiating and supporting. Finally I introduced an old word processor in order to improve and extend the children’s writing skills. Children could use this to type things such as prescriptions, appointment sheets and health advice and print them off. By adding props which support early writing, it allows the children to make early attempts at writing through play. By adding this word processor to the role play area it will â€Å"help set the scene† for the topic area. This allows the children to get involved and makes the role play area more â€Å"meaningful† to the activity (Cooke, 1997, p. 122). On the first day, the teacher read a book called â€Å"A Day in the Life of a Doctor† to the whole class. The teaching assistant translated it to Urdu, a member of the EAL (English as Additional Language) department translated it to Tamil, and this in turn started a discussion about being ill and going to the doctor. A child in my group who is normally shy and timid started to participate in the conversation. When this child is home, her first language is Tamil and her English is very limited, however, listening to the lady translate it she started responding by telling how her sister had a cough and that her mum had to take her to the doctor. She was also listening to her peers explaining in English and she tried to start a simple sentence in English by saying â€Å"my mum†, then she stopped as she got embarrassed. This

Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Projects - Essay Example The organizational structure for the new building is going to be exactly like the existing one, which comprises of: 1 Project Manager (myself); 1 Assistant Project Manager; 2 Administration Staff; 4 Sales staff; 3 Warehouse Staff; the transportation to and from the building will be contracted to an outside company. The recruitment of the staff will be conducted in a way that only serious and experienced professionals/employees will be finally accepted to become the member of the Computer Section’s team. The essence of this is to prevent a situation of redundancy often caused by unqualified personnel (Levine, 2002). Hence, hiring and coordinating with the appropriately qualified employees would make this project stay within budget and also make it to be successfully executed within any specified time frame. The life cycle of this business, that is, procuring and selling computers by Jones Ltd will be carried out within a year; and with the hope that the expenses on recruiting, management and employees’ motivation would not exceed the allotted budget for the project by the Chief Executive Officer of Jones Ltd. In order to achieve this, the following processes must be carefully executed. (a) Market Research: This is the very first step in all the procedures—it is essential to investigate the kinds of computers that are currently selling well in the markets (Morris & Pinto, 2007). It is also helpful to determine the cost of each computing unit, its functionalities, how useful is it in the market, and how many prospective buyers will be interested in a particular brand that Jones Ltd wishes to market? Or should the company concentrate on all the brands of computers. What sales strategy will be appropriate, and how could the employees be motivated to contribute their best in the project? All these issues will be seriously considered during the research process (Morris & Pinto, 2007). The market research will shed more light on

Should Whaling be Banned Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Should Whaling be Banned - Term Paper Example It is believed that these are areas had little capacity to support agriculture and therefore, people had to look for an alternative source of livelihood and whaling turned out to be the most sufficient. During this time, whales were in plenty and though it is still thought to have been cruel, this activity did not pose any significant threat to the whale population as it was only conducted at the subsistence level. Furthermore, there were no sophisticated equipments to facilitate large scale whaling. Instead, fishermen used crude methods and equipment such as canoes, which exposed them to dangers associated with this activity such as drowning as a result of the canoes capsizing while struggling to catch the whales or even suffering attacks from the mammoth oceanic creatures. The whalers used the canoes to surround the target whale in order to force it to change its course and swim to the shore, where it would end up on the beach and helpless thus making it easy to catch (James et al 36). Between the years 1700 and 1900, it is believed that this activity had consumed a significantly high number i.e. more than 50000 whales of the bowhead species leading to their near extinction, not withstanding the fact that this was only in the eastern coast of Greenland. However, the endangerment of these species begun in the early 1900s, when technological advancements facilitated the building of large ships and cannons, whose success rate enhanced large scale whaling and in turn, the growth of industries specializing in whale processing (Healy 38) . According to statistics, in the period between 1910 and 1969, more than 2 million whales of different species were killed and worse still, current studies indicate that the population of blue whales in the whole world is approximately 3500, which is significantly low considering the fact that in the year 1931 alone, approximately 29000 blue whales were caught and slaughtered (Freeman 148). In fact, the remaining population of blu e whales is considered to be less or equals to 1% of their original population. This shows that there is a major and real threat to whales, which must be sorted out before other species are affected in the same manner. Other statistics show that between 1986 and 2001, more than 27000 whales were killed despite the fact that there was a moratorium which was introduced in 1986 to protect the whales from commercial whaling companies. However, it may be notable that this moratorium did not restrict whaling for scientific purposes and this has been used by countries, such as Japan, as an excuse to continue participating in commercial whaling in the pretext of conducting scientific research (Gillespie 67). The magnitude of this threat to the whales may be subject to contradiction meaning that it could even be higher than the figures and data available. This is due to the fact that the International Whaling Commission (IWC) sometimes relies on figures, which have been disputed on some occa sions by independent researchers. For example, the IWC once produced figures, which showed that the original number of Humpback whales was approximately 100000. On the contrary, data produced through DNA sampling in 2003 showed that the original number of Humpback whales was approximately 1.5 million i.e. before commercial whaling was introduced (Gillespie 73). With less than 20000 humpback whales remaining, the level of damage caused may be overestimated or underestimated depending on the data one decides to rely on. Similarly, the original estimates of Minke whales in the Antarctic has never been established since the IWC disowned its estimate of 760000 whales after resurveying and coming up with a new conclusion that they

Why Tom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why Tom - Essay Example This story show us that dreams have limits and have their own laws which is something Jay Gatsby learns to his unfortunate detriment at the end of the story. This is why Daisy chose Tom: she realized that Gatsby was too poor and too delusional. Daisy is a character who grows throughout the story and realizes what dreams can do. Gatsby may be rich, but in a way he is living a dream. He thinks he can go back in the past and make the wrong things right again, he thinks he can make Daisy love him again. In a way Gatsby is delusional. He has bought into a dream that financially rewarded him, but the substance of the dream is gone—all that is left is the material husk, shiny and rich, but with nothing real inside it. He has bought the shape of the dream, but not the American dream itself. Tom and Gatsby are different kinds of men. While Tom is outwardly more successful, he has less ambition than Gatsby. Gatsby wants to succeed even if that lie is a success. America is known as the new world, a land of immigrants. So many people came to America, leaving their poor old lives behind. They came from countries with few economic opportunities, with little freedom. Some came with only five dollars in their pocket. In America, because of capitalism, they could become almost anything if they worked hard and had a good idea. In one generation a family could change from peasants or paupers to a rich and well-heeled family. There was enough money for almost everyone. This was all part of the good side of the American dream: that if you worked hard you could achieve anything for yourself and your family. Tom is one of the lucky American who has been born into everything and doesnt have to work hard or be ambitious. However, there is also a sadder, darker side to the dream. The side that Gatsby represents. Some people fall in love with the dream

Scholarly paper Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Scholarly paper - Scholarship Essay Example Whether or not a law prohibiting smoking in cars containing minors could be passed in the US would ultimately depend on the law’s constitutionality under the Commerce Clause of the US constitution. The Commerce Clause allows congress â€Å"to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states† and has long been an issue of political and social debate. The Supreme Court’s current standard for determining whether Congress has exceeded its commerce power can be subjective, making it difficult to predict constitutionality of proposed public health laws. However, the court has shown surprising willingness in recent cases to broaden the power of congress to regulate commerce in order to protect public health. Especially to innocent children confined to auto mobiles and who cannot protect themselves, as such a federal law prohibiting smoking in cars containing minors could be found constitutional. Furthermore, if congress were to refuse to take such a law into consideration, it could be possible for states, themselves, to regulate smoking in cars under the dormant commerce clause. This problem cannot be easily prevented by taking simple actions like opening of the car windows. This is because this action can change the direction of the air flow and as a result the smoke gets blown right back into the face of the child. What requires to be done is a law to be passed that prohibits smoking in motor vehicles. This can place stiff penalties to the offenders with the possibility that the parents can lose custody of their children if found engaging in the act. The level of exposure to secondary smoke by children is about 11% in the United States. This study was carried out among children aged below 6 years. It was also revealed that it was the parents who were the main source of exposure to their children, exposure by parents accounted for 90%. There was a new revelation in the research