The Effective Practice Of Medicine - 858 Words

The effective practice of medicine makes great demands on the physician. After reviewing the highly esteemed mission of Georgetown University School of Medicine, seventeen objectives, I considered to be trained by this institution because there are several objectives that I found them in a close relationship with my own ethical values and goals towards the medical profession. These are including an understanding of the psychological, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of human health and the ability to communicate effectively with patients. I believe that these can promote the complete development of a medical student, including academic, spiritual, and social awareness. As I read the University website, I understand that Georgetown s philosophy is centered in Cura Personalis, which care for the psychological, spiritual, social as well as physical well being of the person so that they consider patients far more than just organ systems. I found this topic extremely important while I was an undergrad student of University of Tehran and I took some extra classes of Iranian Traditional Medicine. Iranian Traditional Medicine dates back more than 3000 years in Iran. The Persian traditional medicine views different aspects of patients while trying to treat the illness, such as physiology, psychology, and sociology and it also views man as one entity so that a disease shows that the whole body is imbalanced in any ways. Avicenna, one of the famous physicians in this field,Show MoreRelatedIgbo Culture And Traditional Medicine1269 Words   |  6 PagesMedicine and health are essential in everyday living, but plunging into African medicine helps discover the r easons for cultural ritual practices, society, and religion, resulting in a host of information that provides a deep insight into African culture. According to many, â€Å"African traditional medicine represents the sum of the people’s medicinal knowledge as well as beliefs, skills, and practices used in diagnosing, preventing, or eliminating a physical, mental, or social disequilibrium† (SelinRead MoreHolistic Medicine Essays794 Words   |  4 PagesHolistic Medicine Holistic Medicine, commonly referred to as â€Å"Alternative Medicine†, is a vast and rapidly growing new scientific field. It is derived mainly from ancient, traditional methods of healing that have often been practiced in the East for centuries. These include a variety of techniques from herbal healing to acupuncture to homeopathy to energy channeling. Due to the large number of methods that are covered by the term, there are various definitions of Holistic Medicine. HoweverRead MoreEvidence Based Medicine (EBM) Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesEvidence Based Medicine (EBM) has been a truly evolving and expanding standard for the practice of medicine and healthcare around the world. This expanding body of knowledge and expertise has been melded into medicine becoming the gold standard of care, in addition to possibly the only manageable way to extract precise and up to date clinical information. The evolution of EBM has been thoroughly evolving since its inception into the l exicon of mindset of medicine. It is believed that Evidence basedRead MoreComplementary and Alternative Medicines Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesComplementary and Alternative Medicines Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are medicines that are not considered conventional medicine. Conventional Medicine is also known as Western Medicine and is often practice by medical professional like medical doctors, nurses and therapist. The boundaries between CAM and conventional medicine are not fixed, and because CAM has recently become more accepted, the treatment combination of CAM and conventional medicine increased and the boundaries betweenRead MoreEssay on Cam Modalities Sci/2011060 Words   |  5 PagesNational Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine â€Å"CAM is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered to be part of conventional medicine.† (NCCAM, 2007) Science has yet to determine if these therapies are safe. Regardless of the answer there are hundreds of thousands of people today that use CAM to treat hundreds of different medical problems. Societies have used many of t hese practices for over 4000 years and are still in use todayRead MoreWhy Americans Should Embrace Alternative Medicine1300 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Americans Should Embrace Alternative Medicine (Audience: American physicians, patients, legislators, and insurers who are wary of alternative medicine and its growing popularity) As complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) grows more popular with the American public, the question arises whether we should consolidate aspects of unorthodox medicine with standard care. Many, such as Dr. Andrew Weil, swear by CAM’s effectiveness and urge for a more patient-centered approach to care (Relman)Read MoreImproving The Conversation For Cam Therapy993 Words   |  4 Pagesfor CAM Therapy Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapy, has been around and practiced by many countries considered as undeveloped or developing for centuries. It’s use in modern times by developed countries has increased tremendously, as research has shown the effectiveness of its use. CAM therapy and practices are being embraced by healthcare professionals slowly, in what is considered an alternative therapy, or adjunct to western medicine. However, research shows that many individualsRead MoreAlternative Healthcare Options Or Alternative Medicine1378 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare options or alternative medicine is â€Å"any of various systems of healing or treating disease (such as acupuncture, chiropractic, homeopathy, or faith healing) that is not included under traditional medical practice in the United States and Britain† (Webster dictionary). Alternative medicine is the term used for medical products and practices that are not part of the standard of care. Stand ard of care is what medical doctors, doctors of traditional medicine, and allied health professionalsRead MoreRole of Pharmacist1572 Words   |  7 PagesRole of Pharmacist Introduction Pharmacist deal with medicines all the time. They help to select them, also in the management of self limiting illness, and dispense them on physician’s prescription. How can the pharmacist more fully contribute to patient care? Apart from very local or national attempts in different countries to extend clinical pharmacy, not many integral co-ordinate efforts have been made by pharmacy to contribute to the patient’s well being apart from through the dispensing processRead MoreThe Principles Of Holistic Medical Practice1149 Words   |  5 Pageshealthy lifestyle, giving attention to the whole person focusing on a person’s optimal health by promoting therapy to heal the mind, body and spirit of a person. Holistic medicine encompasses all safe and appropriate modalities of diagnosis and treatment (AHHA, 2015). The principles of holistic medical practice include safe and effective options that help with the diagnosis and treatment by educating patients to help the m change their lifestyle and self-care, conventional drugs and surgery, searching

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay examples

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Illiteracy was an instrumental tool used to deprive slaves in an attempt to keep them ignorant and manageable during the 1800’s. If slaves were to learn how to read, they could in turn be educated. The oppressing class during this time period realized that if slaves were able to become educated they could no longer be useful, for it would be increasingly difficult to exploit their services. The ability to read was the white man’s power over slaves. Douglass, realizing the situation of his enslavement, took advantage of his privileges and began to secretly learn how to read and write. As he become more proficient in English, Douglass began to gain a following of slaves who were willing†¦show more content†¦While Douglass lived with Mr. Freeland he gained a very close knit of friends with the slaves on the farm. They were a community which acted as one, each member responsible for the other. Before his escape, Douglass was able to ignite the will to learn into th ose on the farm and the farms surrounding. He devoted his Sundays and three evenings a week to educating his community and â€Å"several of those who came to Sabbath school learned how to read; and that one, at least, is now free†(88). He gave those who were trapped the same utensils that were given to him when he was younger. Douglass provided a way for other slaves to learn about religion, shedding light on their mental darkness and even â€Å"had at one time over forty scholars†(88). As his ideology of education became more accepted throughout the farm, Douglass was able to gather an escape team. Amidst all the planning, Douglass wrote a protection for each of the men stating they were allowed to travel to Baltimore for the holiday. This is the advantage Douglass, a literate slave, has over other slaves and also other whites. No other slave would be able to legibly write a letter of protection and no other white person would expect a slave to know how to write. By D ouglass knowing how to write, it makes the authenticity of the protections seem more probable. Douglass, however, never got to execute his escape. Another slave betrayed him and his plans wereShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagessoutherners believed that one of the most essential means of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives wa s lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1363 Words   |  6 Pages In The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass portrays the importance of education because of its influence in leveling the playing field between the races in the 1800s. Education and knowledge are themes that are heavily dwelled upon throughout the novel, inspiring the reader to see the full power of such important ideals and to take the full advantage of both at all times. Douglass gives the reader a new appreciat ion for education as he delivers his message regardingRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1255 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass, throughout Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, uses religion to get many of his points across. In one way, religion plays a huge role in Douglass’ ability to become literate throughout the text. With the Bible and other Christian texts, Douglass is able to further his ability and the ability of others to read. This becomes important because as Douglass points out the slaveholders believe a literate slave is not a good slave. This union of literacy and religion show theRead MoreThe Narrative Life Of Frederick Douglass1583 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass’ is an autobiography of Frederick Douglass, the slave who escaped and became one of renowned social reformers of his time. The book is a collection of actual experiences of the author during his time in slavery and experienc es of fellow slaves. He describes brilliantly the oppressive conditions into which he was born, lived, as well as his struggles and triumphs. The author meant to make the reader comprehend life of the African Americans in slavery beforeRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass939 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Freedom In 1845, an African-American man named Frederick Douglass released a thought-provoking autobiography that would become a turning point in revolutionary change. The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was the first autobiography Douglass had written focusing on the real life struggles he has faced during his time spent in bondage. During his time, it was not common for an African-American to have the skills to read and write, and it was especially uncommon to publish

Career Episode An Intern - 1502 Words

CAREER EPISODE 01 a) Introduction 1.1. In this career episode, I have described the activities from 1st June 2010 to 25th June 2010, the period during which I worked as an Intern for TIDC India, Andhra Pradesh. I was a full time Intern for the above mentioned period, completing the internship as part of the course work for ‘Industry Oriented Mini Project,’ during my degree ‘Bachelor of Technology – Mechanical Engineering.’ b) Background 1.2. In the final year of my bachelor’s degree, as part of a course called ‘Industry Oriented Mini Project,’ I had to complete a short term project in a company relevant to my field of study and I was fortunate to get an opportunity to work with TIDC India, as an Intern under the supervision of the Production Manager. 1.3. TIDC India is one of India’s leading manufacturers of power transmission chains for industrial, automotive and agricultural segment and is part of the INR 269 Billion Murugappa Group. The company made its entry into Fine Banking in line with its vision of becoming a leader in power transmission components and is now a major supplier of FB components to the automotive industry. 1.4. Low carbon steel is one of the most commonly used steels in the manufacturing of power transmission chains, because its price is relatively low and it provides acceptable material properties for many applications. Its low carbon content (0.05-0.15%) makes it malleable and ductile. Although it is relatively lower in tensile strength, itsShow MoreRelatedMedical Shows, Scrubs and Greys Anatomy Stand Above the Rest592 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause of Shonda Rhime’s use of character, point of view, and conflict. Scrubs main character is John Dorian or J.D played by Zach Braff. Greys Anatomy main character is Meredith Grey played by Ellen Pompeo. They both begin the series as staff interns who try to balance their personal lives with the demands of their medical training. Meredith is intelligent, hard-working, outspoken, and easily distracted. Shonda Rhime’s the creator of Meredith Grey defined her as, â€Å"Meredith is the girl who putRead MoreReview Of Grey s Anatomy 1563 Words   |  7 Pagesshow about a group of surgeons and interns who work at Seattle Grace Hospital. The series emphasizes on a group of doctors who fight to save their patient s lives while contending to become the head surgeon. Aside from the competition, they go through a lot of heartbreak; either relationships problems or family crises throughout each of their lives. The series began with Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) starting her career as a medical intern with other interns, who became her friends and ro ommatesRead MoreMy Life At The Medical School911 Words   |  4 Pagesmanifestations of severe cerebral insult. After the discharge, he had several similar episodes with normal blood sugar levels and it was described as honeymoon period for the disease. During an episode, we took him to another tertiary care facility where he was diagnosed with organic academia. The pediatric Gastroenterologist Human Arshad and pediatric Neurologist Akbar Malik took special interest and helped us to recover from the episode. Unfortunately no diagnostic test was available to pinpoint the enzyme deficientRead MoreOverview of Dr. House1106 Words   |  5 Pagesmethod is full proof. The episode I watched in this series is â€Å"Three Stories†, and the plot is Dr. House is teaching interns about three different hospital room situations. The supervisory skills and techniques I will explain about Dr. House is transparency, delegation, listening, and availability. Ortiz (2011) states, â€Å"Not every decision needs a full, 360 degree explanation, but lots of secrecy is frustrating and ultimately dis-empowering to those you supervise.† In this episode, Dr. House walks theRead More`` Grey s Anatomy : A Popular Medical Drama That Follows The Lives Of Patients Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagescharacteristics it takes to be a surgeon. Her identity makes the drama that much more addicting and successful. The surgical identity of Grey consists of being caring, creative, determined and brave. The series concentrates on the journey of surgical interns, residents, and attendings while they work their way up to be experienced and respected doctors at Grey and Sloan Memorial Hospital. In the beginning seasons of the show it was named Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital. After a tragic plane crash, twoRead MoreMy Career Path For A Nurse1388 Words   |  6 PagesMost people that I know would be shocked to learn that I didn’t always want to be a nurse. Nursing is a fairly new career path for me, and while I love it now, I have had several things that I could turn into career fields. If I was asked what I wanted to be when I grew up when I was five, I would have told you that I wanted to move to Japan and make video games. I loved them more than anything. I still do. At twelve, I would have said I wanted to be a writer. By sixteen I developed my passion forRead MoreReview Of Dr. Mcdreamy Stealing The Spotlight On Public Perception And The Contemporary Nursing Shortage1756 Words   |  8 Pagessituations to what would truly occur in a real hospital. Bishop compares and contrasts Ben Stiller’s nursing role in Meet the Parents to his girlfriend’s family, who are plastic surgeons and an M.D in spite of the fact that nursing is now a common career choice for individuals both males and females, there are still many misunderstandings and stereotypes associated with being a male nurse. In Meet the Parents starring Ben Stiller plays a role as a nurse, Ben walks into the kitchen and is meets theRead MorePublic Policy Is An Important Part Of Any Political Science Studies1652 Words   |  7 Pagesinternship at a Senators Office. These situations have allowed me to improve my understanding of the policy process and learn more about the current challenges policymakers in the United States face. In regards to the simulation and West Wing episodes; throughout the course we have looked at the policy process through a couple of different lenses. Personally, I enjoyed learning about the theories in class and taking notes then applying the information and concepts that I’ve learned to the simulationRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the Comedy Scrubs1971 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of the Comedy Scrubs The show Scrubs has 24 episodes and was first aired at 10pm on sky one every Thursday, although not a prime spot in the week, it still had a high viewer rating. It is now playing on channel 4 at 10.35 again on Thursdays. The time it is aired at, shows the adult humour of the programme and some scenes that could be unsuitable for children. I am analysing the first show in the series. In my opinion it is the most important as it determinesRead MoreThe Acclaimed Director Steven Spielberg545 Words   |  2 Pages His real career began when he came to Universal studios as a unpaid intern. He began work on a theatrical film for release. It was titled Amblin, and was 26 minutes in length. The vice president of Universal’s TV branch saw the short film and offered Spielberg a job as a director. Spielberg took the opportunity, dropping out of his university at the same time. His first professional TV job came when he was to direct on of the segments of the 1969 pilot of Night Gallery. The episode was unusual

Construction Of Oil Rigs And Producing Oil - 1327 Words

Introduction: In the industry of producing oil for the world’s energy sources, safety should always remain the top priority in the creation of oil rigs and producing oil. There are multiple steps in building these massive devices and each of the steps have to be handled with the greatest of care. These steps are assembling and maintenance. Assembling is the part where the workers put together the structure of the rig and ensure that it is set up correctly. â€Å"Maintenance is where the drilling equipment failure is monitored and operational so that they do not fail when producing oil† [1]. Well control is where employees monitor the drilling fluid pressure and blowout preventions. It can be difficult for workers to complete their tasks if a hazard or danger occurs. The safety procedures are focused on Assembly and Maintenance because they are key elements in the creation of oil rigs. The construction of the rig and the maintenance of the design have to be looked over to ensure that the structure is working properly. While there are already safety concerns that the industry is aware of, they are sometimes overlooked by the idea that hazards do not occur very often when working on rigs. This idea is true in terms of the hazards occurring not very often but sometimes when something goes wrong, the hazards present themselves and the consequences can be severe. â€Å"These safety concerns are involved with the process of placing and assembling the parts of equipment that create theShow MoreRelatedCurrent Ethical Issues on Oil Spill1482 Words   |  6 Pagestheir domestic consumptions of oil have led to increased prices of gasoline whereby alternative forms of energy production are sought. With this in mind, offshore drilling can be a viable option for satiating the need of oil and also to boost the economy of the nation. In this report, I am going to discuss how the current Deepwater Horizon rig explosion has led to disastrous oil spill into the Gu lf of Mexico causing environmental problems and also discuss how the oil spill if resolved and with safeRead MoreBaker Hughes Incorporated ( Bhi / Nyse )858 Words   |  4 PagesHughes Incorporated (BHI/NYSE) Baker Hughes is a top-tier oilfield service company that is headquartered in Houston, Texas. The company provides oil and gas exploration and production companies worldwide with products and services for drilling, formation valuation, production, and completion. Baker Hughes also provides services for downstream segments of the oil and gas industry. Technological innovation is at the center of Baker Hughes’ success. The company is over 100 years old, with 60,000 employeesRead MoreShould The North Dakota Pipeline Lead A Negative Ecological Impact? Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesthat will transfer about 470,000 to 570,000 barrels of crude oil a day through four states, North Dakota, South Dakota, Illinois, and Iowa. The pipe is thirty inches in diameter and â€Å"will connect the rapidly expanding Bakken and Three Forks production areas in North Dakota to Patoka, Illinois† (Energy Transfer Partners). This pipeline is hoped to help the US become less dependent on foreign oil and is a safer and cheaper way to move crude oil compared to rail car or trucks. It is also estimated to bringRead MoreDrilling Rigs : Offshore Drilling5013 Words   |  21 Pages An offshore drilling rig is a machine that creates holes (usually called wells or boreholes) and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be huge structures that house equipment which is then used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas wells. The term â€Å"rig† refers to the complexity of the equipment that is used to penetrate deep into the surface of the earth’s hard crust. Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled through the seabed. Typically carried outRead MorePros and Cons of Energy Sources1119 Words   |  5 Pages Pros and Cons for Oil Pros Cons - Readily available - Creates jobs for economy when required to drill and transport - Largest provider of electricity - The world has been using oil for the last 100 years - Not much new technology will be required to extract oil - Use of oil continually grows the U.S. economy - If certain regions would be allowed to drill oil in, then more oil could be extracted and the price could lower for gasoline - Production of oil rigs could lead to the development ofRead MoreThe Extension Of The Lease1506 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, paragraph twenty-three (â€Å"Extension of the Lease†) references the primary term and states â€Å"the original two (2) year primary term.† It appears the language cannot be harmonized by other evidence in the lease, so an appropriate canon of construction may apply. Even though there is an ambiguity, a court would likely find that the habendum clause prevails over recitals stated in paragraph twenty-three; therefore, the primary term would be three years. The language states the lease will expireRead MoreEconomics On The Fuel Economy1375 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the overall number economic impacts relating to oil spills and the overall oil producing economy. The United States economy is highly dependent upon fuel. Fuel is a major source that come from fossil fuels from all around the world. Fossil fuels are used to fuel cars and airplanes, power electricity plants, and heat our homes. So this lies around the question, where does fuel come from? There are 3 forms of fuel, coal, oil, and natural gas. Coal is found in many of the lower 48 statesRead MoreEurasia Drilling, A Provider Of Drilling Services1815 Words   |  8 Pagesonshore drilling conducted in CIS. It offers its onshore integrated well construction services and workover services to local and international oil and gas companies primarily in Russia and its offshore drilling services to Russian and international oil and gas companies in the Russian, Kazakh and Turkmen sectors of the Caspian Sea. Its onshore drilling services include the construction of production, exploration and appraisal oil and gas wells and certain other types of wells, including vertical, deviatedRead MoreT he United States Energy Industry Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesto the occasion as an alternative to other fossil fuels such as coal because it burns cleaner. As the oil reserves in many parts of the world are being depleted, the availability of a viable alternative such as natural gas is becoming increasingly important. So too is the lure of the future possibility of energy independence for countries both developed and developing. In the last decade, oil and natural gas development have rapidly expanded in the United States, fundamentally reshaping domesticRead MoreHow Drilling Should Be Approved For Their Families1614 Words   |  7 Pages People Have to Eat Hitting an oil well on someone’s land is the dream of a lot of oil miners. Most oil miners have never seen a new well being tapped, that’s because of the technology available to people. Most oil miners will never experience the tapping of a fresh oil well. For the most part, all the untapped oil deposits are in endangered landscapes that are protected by sanctions, and or preservation laws. With all that untapped oil lying dormant in a deposit, it infuriates people

Impact of ICT in Various Institutions-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Research and Explain Possible future uses of ICTs in education and assess their likely Impact on the various Institutions and different clients groups that may be affected. Answer: Possible future uses of ICTs in education and their likely impact on the various institutions and different clients groups that may be affected ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. The use of technology is increasing with the change in the century. The use of technology is not only increasing in business but also in schools and colleges. Computers are widely used in the schools and colleges for getting learnings in the IT subjects (Watson, Tinsley, 2013). There are different courses related to the IT in which there is need of the ICT. The traditional practice of teaching is changing due to the emergence of the technology. Traditionally, the teachers used to teach the students on blackboards and they used to give the examples orally which is not clear the understanding for each and every students due to which the teachers used to repeat the chapters again and again. ICT has brought the change in the face of education over the last few decades. The Singapores education institutions are considered as the most advanced and updated in the world is related to the use of information technology in education (Schwalbe, 2015). In Singapore, the technology has transformed the way educators teach. The teachers are making the use of the latest apps and websites, the ICT (information and communication technology) is providing helps in deepen students learning and this updated technology is essential to engage the students in the lessons (Today Online, 2017). The use of technology helps the teachers to provide the student clear understanding of the lessons. Schools and colleges use a diverse set of the ICT tools to create, communicate, store, and manage information. The ICT brought the changes in teaching, now the schools and colleges have digital whiteboards; even there is a usage of the smartphone or other devices by the students for learning during the cla ss. Many schools and colleges make use of cloud computing to access all their homework and the other resources. This provides convenience to the students to make access the digital library anytime even when the campus library is not accessible (Jain, Pandey, 2013). To provide the learning to the students there is need of the teachers to be aware of the use of digital technologies. The teachers who are literate about the use of ICT can bring the higher order thinking skills, creativity and individualized options for the students so that they can easily and effectively understand the learning. Considering the present use of the ICTs in education, the future uses of ICTs in education is going to be advanced and bright. The Global search for education invited Dr. Pak Tee Ng in Singapore to get the updates on how to support public school system with the use of information communication technologies. In the near future, the schools and colleges will be connected with the Next Generation Broadband Network (NGBM) that provides the ultra-high speed wireless connectivity. There is a need of the ICT mentor in school and college who keeps checking the latest update and can try to implement the same technologies in the schools so that they can provide the better learning to the students, these learnings help the students to grow in the near future. The professional learning communication is used in many schools and colleges that help the teachers to explore the technical possibilities and this also helps teachers in exploring new pedagogies with technology (Spector, Merrill, Elen, B ishop, 2014). It is estimated that by the year 2020, approximately 1.5 new digitized jobs will be there across the world. Approximately 90% of the schools and colleges are lacking with the IT skills shortage, the student in the present day feel the gap in their capability to meet the expertise needs of the IT workforce (Frezzo, 2017). According to the research, by the year 2020, the cloud-based education will be implemented by the schools and colleges to provide effective data sharing and better aggregation of student metrics. By the year 2024, the culture of the learning will be embedded into social learning experiences along with the mobile learning technology (Nickerson, Zodhiates, 2013). The emersions of the daily transition from e-learning along with the face- to face learning will more elegant. By the year 2028, the use of biometrics will start in the education and teachers will be replaced. These technology uses to make the students familiar with the IT skills and they will get curious to know more about the technology. This opens the new ways of the future for the company (Britland, 2013). 3D printing is one of the technologies which are going to be used in the classrooms. The engineering students can make use of the 3D printing that helps to test engineering design with the use of models. The students can check the models before making the actual prototype for this the students make use of the computer-aided design; modeling software. This will save the time of costs and time of the students. Another technology that is going to be used in the future includes flexible displays (Buehler, Comrie, Hofmann, McDonald, Hurst, 2016). During the lectures, the traditional display was a paper which is currently shifted to laptops, netbook, and tablets. In the near future, the OLED-based displays will be the most flexible displays that are going to be used by the schools and the colleges. The displays are going to be lightweight, and extremely thin, students can roll them into tubes or fold them like newspapers. Biometric technology is booming in the security industry, but sooner or later it is going to be the part of education system. Eye tracking is involved in the biometric technology which is helpful to understand teachers feedback, how much students absorb from the learning sessions. The Mirametrix is using its S2 Eye Tracker to evaluate how students learn through online learning sessions when they watch them. These technologies show the future of the education system with the use of the information communication technologies (Pareek, 2016). The advancement of the technology will change the way of providing the learning to the students (Heick, 2012). These changes bring the positive changes in the future of the student; the better understanding of learning will bring the bright future of the students. The shifting of digital whiteboards will take place with the Multi-Touch LCD touch boards. These boards are going to be giant boards with the LCD screen lying on the top of the table. The students can swipe on the board to drag and manipulate the images around the screen and can type notes with the on-screen keypad. On each desk, the student will find these LCD screens so that they can access the learning across the world. Learning with the use of the technology attracts most of the student and they get focused towards their learning (Patel, Nayak, Kevadia, Patel, 2017). For instance, the Durham University shows how to make the use of technology in learning for the school children. The students get handy towards the uses of the technology and they get aware how to browse. The ICTs brings the changes in education but this is also a fact that it replaces the face-to-face contact in the classroom. The future uses of the ICTs in education will definitely bring the positive aspect but it will likely to impact the various institutions and the different client groups might get affected (Tyner, 2014). The impact on the institutions and on groups can be negative and positive. The institution like college and schools have to look at the advanced technology and have to invest the amount to bring the advanced technology so that they will be able to provide the best facility of the learning to the students. Though investment on the technologies will bring the development in the institutions; this is also a fact to bring the advanced technology there is need of the huge amount which is not possible for some institutions to invest in technology. These institutions might lack behind and will result in the decline in the profits and development. The students and the teachers might get hooked on the technology instead of the learning content. The ICTs use in education includes the different technologies that attract the students towards it and this is the reason most of the students start with the learning lessons but ends with the technology used for the self-interest. This leads to the distraction for the students and teachers. The ICTs technologies bounded the imagination power of the students; nowadays the students are getting all the creative ideas on the internet (Andres, Asongu, Amavilah, 2015). This bounded the ideas and creativity of the students and they are getting dependent on the technology. The brainstorming or personal development also get restricted because of these technologies. Different groups include the teacher anxiety because the teachers in the universities are going to be replaced by the advance technology emergence. They might also lose the authority in the class because the learning process is becoming more learner-centered. There is one more reason behind the replacement of the teachers that is lack of awareness about the digital technology. There are some institutions who are trying to provide the professional learning to teachers in regards to the technology so that they can continue their job but in case the teachers are not able to get familiar with the changes they have to leave the job. This shows the negative impact on the institutions and the different groups. Each and every institution will require a mentor who is familiar with the technology and knows about the technology advancement. The need of the technical support specialists is essential in the institutions to continue the viability of the ICT use in the schools and university. The demand of the specialist will increase in the near future this will create a job opportunity for the specialist in the country. The technology advancement in the universities and schools will enhance the development of the teachers, those tutors who were not aware of the technology uses earlier will get to know about the use of technology. This personal learning and development will help the tutors in the near future and their demand will increase. The use of the information communication technology in education has the ability to perform the impossible experiments by using the stimulations. These experiments change into the innovation with the use of the technology. The ICTs in education provided the connectivity which helps the students to access the international experts teaching materials across the world. This will help the student to accomplish their study in depth and along with the expertise which leads to the bright future of the students (Stromquist, Monkman, 2014). The accessibility of the technology made it possible to check the learning material and the expert opinion on the learning. This creates the positive impact on the future of the students. The information communication technology uses are definitely going to increase in the near future. Though, with the changes in the future, there will be a presence of the positive and negative impact on the institution along with the group. Considering both the parameters, the development will take place in the countries, the future of the students is going to be bright, and the technology advancement will take place. Though, the negative impact can try to reduce the usage of ICTs in the education. References Andres, A. R., Asongu, S. A., Amavilah, V. (2015). The impact of formal institutions on knowledge economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 1034-1062. Britland, M. (2013). What is the future of technology in education?. Viewed on 9th November 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/teacher-blog/2013/jun/19/technology-future-education-cloud-social-learning Buehler, E., Comrie, N., Hofmann, M., McDonald, S., Hurst, A. (2016). Investigating the implications of 3D printing in special education. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing (TACCESS), 8(3), 11. Frezzo, D. (2017). The role of technology in the education of the future. Viewed on 9th November 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/science-of-learning/ Heick, T. (2012). 30 Incredible Ways Technology Will Change Education By 2028. Viewed on 9th November 2017, https://www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/30-incredible-ways-technology-will-change-education-by-2028/ Jain, A., Pandey, U. S. (2013). Role of Cloud computing in higher education. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 3(7). Nickerson, R. S., Zodhiates, P. P. (Eds.). (2013). Technology in education: Looking toward 2020. Routledge. Pareek, A. (2016). Application Of Technologies In Context Of Social Science Media In Future Education: Pros Cons. International Journal of Humanities Social Science: Insights Transformations, 2(1). Patel, K. S., Nayak, A. M., Kevadia, K., Patel, B. U. (2017). Interactive Technology Application in Child Education. Pietzner, V. (2014). Computer-Based Learning in Chemistry Classes. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science Technology Education, 10(4). Schwalbe, K. (2015). Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Spector, J. M., Merrill, M. D., Elen, J., Bishop, M. J. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 439-451). New York, NY: Springer. Stromquist, N. P., Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014). Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education. Today Online. (2017). Focus of ICT use in schools should be on meaningful learning: Educators?. Viewed on 9th November 2017, https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/focus-ict-use-schools-should-be-meaningful-learning-educators Tyner, K. (2014). Literacy in a digital world: Teaching and learning in the age of information. Routledge. Watson, D., Tinsley, D. (Eds.). (2013). Integrating information technology into education. Springer

Out to Sea free essay sample

My childhood took place 30 miles out to sea. It is strange to realize now, after losing the cocoon of childhood na/Ovete, that the idea of being surrounded by water is foreign to most. Living on an island is an exotic dream to many, yet it is the only life I have known. Nantucket is more than a sand bank, more than a tourist hot spot, more than an historical land mine. My home is a place of beauty, calm or savage as the wind and ocean wills it. It is the smell of salt and the feel of brine on my skin, the jarring travel over cobblestones and the bitter sweetness of cranberries. To live here is to know the delicious shock of cold when diving into the sea on the first day of spring, opening my eyes into a world I had missed throughout the winter months. I don’t think I could be the person I am today without the quiet beauty of this island. We will write a custom essay sample on Out to Sea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its potent summers and savage hurricane seasons, the rarity of snowfall that turns the Grey Lady into a world of shadows and frozen light, the beauty of the autumn leaves on Main Street; they have all shaped my life in so many ways. I took the passion from the storm, the drive from the wind, the unpredictability from the sea. I took the calm from the mist and the peace from the glimmering grey days after a downpour, for times when I felt like my world was crashing around me. My whole life, I have credited who I am with my rearing on Nantucket. All I want now is to express my gratitude and describe my love for this place as eloquently as its seasons spoke to me, soothed me, inspired me. The feeling of being connected to something great, of having been influenced by something unique, makes me realize there are things I can share with this world that will make a difference. I want to create my own worlds with words. I want to write things that bring people to their knees. I want to shake the foundations of literature, fill people with wonder, and help us all appreciate the subtle beauty found in the smallest of things: dew on a spider’s web; refracted light in a drop of rain; the sharp sound when ice first forms, cracking and bursting into a still life. Nantucket has given me an appreciation for the world. Now, I want to take that appreciation and magnify it in my writing, rebounding it into the lives of others so it is felt a thousand times over in the hearts of humanity.

Institutional Affiliation Issues in International Business

Question: Discuss about the case study Institutional Affiliation for Issues in International Business. Answer: Introduction This market cultural report analyses the culture of Spain both generally and a more specific focus on its business culture. It will look at the most prevalent cultural components in the country in comparison to Singapore. Focus will be on how the culture in Spain affects international business; also what foreign companies need to consider in order to effectively operate in Spain. For this report, the Hofstedes cultural dimension will be used as guiding framework for multinational corporations. Rationale for Selecting Spain The main reason why Spain was chosen in this study report is because of diversity of its people, and its business culture. For instance, the culture of the Spanish population has a wide range of diversity. The country hosts a variety of languages which include Valencian, Castilian, and Basque (Koll Van Mulder, 2010). The most popular sport in Spain is Football. The country is also popular for its wine and cuisine such as the Mediterranean cuisine. This report shall consider Spains business culture in terms of its required business etiquettes. These shall be discussed in the paragraphs that follow. Analysis of the Culture of Spain The Peoples Culture Spain in its 194,992 square miles is home to a population of 46 million people a majority of whom are raised as Roman Catholics (94 percent) ("Spain Population (2016) - Worldometers", 2016). Therefore, family values are of extreme importance to the Spanish culture. The lifestyle of the people in Spain is typically more stress-free than that of many countries. For instance, numerous businesses close shop around 1330 hours and 1630 hours for nothing else but a siesta, giving families the opportunity to get together for a meal (Bhaskaran Sukumaran, 2007). The main languages in Spain include the Catalan, which is spoken in the regions of Catalonia, and Balearic Islands; Valencia where Castilian and Valencian which are local dialects are spoken. Galician, or the Gallegos, is one of the most popular languages of the people of northwestern Spain. Each of these languages differ in word spelling and pronunciation. Additionally, the Basque region has a native language known as Euskera, which is neither a form of Spanish nor are its origin known (Phau Kea, 2007). Spain is a host to many traditions; the most common fiesta is the Flamenco while the most popular is the bullfights. Flamenco is generally a Spanish music genre that includes song and dance from Andalusia from the Southern part of Spain. It is inclusive of Cante (singing), Baile (dance), Palmas (handclaps) and Toque (guitar playing). The Flamenco is particularly linked to the Romani people (Gitanos) of Spain, and many famous flamenco artists are originally from this ethnic group. Another sport that is popular in Spain is bullfighting, also called Tauromachy or Tauromachia, and remains a popular sport among the Spanish, in Southern France, Portugal, and among some Hispanic American states like Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela (Marx, 2011). The Philippines also share some of the Spanish culture having been a colony of Spain. Bull fighting takes place by baiting one or more bulls and then killing it in a bullring to entertain the audience. As it is today, professional Tore ros are the ones involved in the practice (the most senior torero is known as the matador) who perform various strict moves that can be innovated and interpreted in accordance with the bullfighters school or style. The Spanish people highly value individualism and personal pride which is just as important to them as a breeding and character. Flaunting ability, intelligence and superiority is not taken lightly. People associate affluence and social position. Personal image, appearance, and human relations are of uttermost importance ("Culture of Spain traditions, history, people, family, clothing, beliefs, women, food, customs,", 2016) Spains Business Culture Office protocol Normally, Spain is a very formal country. Typically, men are supposed to wear tailored suits and women are expected to dress fashionably in the context of a business environment (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 2011). This is a different culture from that of Singapore since we can dress casually except during important occasions. In Spain, men may treat women with partial respect in business and social environments to mean an honor. However it is not common for Spanish women to occupy positions of authority. On the contrary women in our country are holding positions of authority and respect is an important aspect when addressing authority whether is a woman or man (Focus, 2016). Business Meals The Spanish people consider meal times as a time for relaxation and enjoyment rather than to close on deals. Usually, their deals are conducted at the office and after successful negotiations; the partners go out to celebrate. On the contrary, Singaporeans prefer scheduling long meetings over lunch (between noon and 2:00 pm) which is a common aspect. However, both Spaniards and Singaporeans share the norm of the inviting party footing the bill in case of a business meeting at a restaurant. However, reciprocating the favor is expected without showing that an invitation is actually a reciprocation of a previous one ("Spain", 2016). Working Hours In Spain a shop may open to the public at hours regulated by the government. This is usually from 9:00 am to 1:30pm and then from 4:30 pm to 5:00 pm or possibly to 8:00 pm during the weekday (from Monday to Friday) and Saturday morning. However, large stores like supermarkets, remain open the whole day. On the other hand, Official business hours are from 10: 00am to 2:00 pm, and from 4:00 pm to 7:00 pm; though it tends to become more common for businesses to remain open from 9:00 am to 4:00 pm, which could bring an end to the traditional siesta hours. For banks, opening hours are between 9:00am and 2:00 pm, using the law, they can chose to open once per week on the afternoon on Saturday mornings. And when people take their vacations, mostly in August, office hours change to between 8 am and 3 pm; commonly referred to as jornada intensive. Lunch hours are between 2 pm and 4pm. Though most people prefer to go back to their homes, those in cities will likely visit a restaurant (Mitchell , 2009). There are several national holidays, and in case the holiday falls on a Thursday or a Tuesday, those working in offices are supposed to take the next Monday or Friday off. So as to have a long weekend. In Singapore official office hours are from 8:30 am to 6 pm from Monday to Friday; and banks open between 9 am and 4 pm, from Monday to Friday; while some banks remain open on Saturdays and Sundays. Shops usually remain open from 10 am to 10 pm on daily basis while there are shops that will prefer to stay open for twenty four hours, for seven days and this is common among clinics, restaurants and pharmacies. There are ten official calendar holidays in Singapore. Under the countrys Employment Act, any citizen who opts to work on public holidays is eligible to an extra days salary above the basic rate of pay, additional to the gross payment rate for that holiday. This implies that the employees get a double pay in case they work during holidays (Mole, 2011). Gifts Spaniards are not very selective on the type of gift being presented to them. Generally, companies will often give bottles of cava or champagne to their best clients. If you receive a gift, you are expected to open it instantly in-front of the giver before giving thanks (Gracias). Any gift should be finely wrapped and of high quality including fine pens, clock and desk accessories (Wild et al, 2014). On the other hand, Singaporeans are made up of diverse cultures and issuing gifts should be a careful procedure. Generally, gifts are opened after the giver has left. Giving a Singaporean of Chinese decent would be wrong as they associate this kind of gifts with death. It would also be advisable not to give gifts that are in fours. One should also be careful not to give Malayans gift from pig skin products or anything alcoholic. Generally desk accessories like scissors are not good gifts as they symbolize for conflict ("Business culture in Singapore", 2016). Etiquette The business language in Spain is Spanish, unlike Singapore where the language preferred by most is English; however the official languages are Tamil, Malay and Chinese. Like the Singaporeans, Spaniards tend to have long conversations and will bargain for longer hours than usual and one should not get bored. This can be attributed to their spending of free time on conversations. Both Spaniards and Singaporeans prefer that you put a title before their names like Seor(Sr.) orSeora(Sra.) which would be the equivalent for Mr. or Mrs. in English (Strong, 2016). Generally both business cultures prefer that foreigners avoid bringing up the stereotypes such as bullfighting and Flamenco dancing in Spain. Instead one should be humble and talk less about their country of origin unless the audience mentions his/her interest. The Hofstedes Framework The research of Geert Hofstede, a social psychologist, on the international management has led to great insights on how different cultures in different countries see other. Hofstedes discussion outlined five key dimensions to the understanding of organizational management practices: collectivism versus individualism; uncertainty avoidance; power distance; long-term orientation; and achievement versus nurturing. Exploring the culture of the Spanish through Hofstedes framework would give good view of the deep driver of their culture relative to that of Singapore. Individualism versus collectivism: this dimension addresses a culture that emphasizes of individualism versus a group. It tells of the degree of independence that a culture maintains among members of a society. In individualistic societies, people are likely to take care of their needs and their families. Centrally to that, in collectivist social order, people belong to particular groups which take care of them in exchange for their loyalty. Spain like Singapore is a collectivist society which would make it easy to relate with in certain cultures. Employees tend to work as a team with minimal motivation from the management ("Singapore - Geert Hofstede", 2016). Power distance: this aspect addresses the attitude of a given culture towards inequalities in its people. It tends to show that all individuals in the society are not equal. Power distance is the extent to which the lesser individuals in a given society, and within a given country accepts that power is not equally shared. Spain has a hierarchical society and scores high on this dimension. This means that people generally accept a hierarchical order ("Spain - Geert Hofstede", 2016). Similarly, Singapore is a Confucius society, where the five basic relationships are notable: father-son, ruler-subject, husband-wife, older brother/younger brother, and senior friend-junior friend. Uncertainty avoidance: It focuses on the way a society deals with the point that the future is not known; and whether people should try to control it or just let each day unfold on its own. This particular ambiguity brings anxiety. Different cultures deal with it in different ways. The score of avoiding uncertainties reflects the extent to which a given culture feels susceptible to the fear of the unknown, beliefs, and created institutions (Strong, 2016). Unlike Singapore, Spain scores high on this dimensions. Consequently, it would be difficult for a Singapore organization to relate to the Spanish culture. The culture of Spain is marked by multiple rules and laws but the people are obliged to avoid them as they consider to be making life more stressful for them. This is unlike Singapore where one gets a fine for everything unlawful. Achievement versus nurturing: It emphasizes the scope to which a given culture emphasizes personal achievements and materialism, against relationships, and the value of life. This is a value system that is usually nurtured from school and continues throughout organizational life. The fundamental issue in business terms is what actually motivates people. Spanish people score low on achievements and high on nurturing suggesting that children are educated in search of harmony and not material possession or standing out. However, Singapore scores medium on this dimension and is therefore difficult to judge the stance of Singaporeans; however, showing off a know-it-all attitude is highly disliked and being humbled, and sympathetic to the lowly in the society is largely encouraged. Long-term orientation: it describes a societys perspective on time, and the attitude of overcoming obstacles with time. Spain is a normative culture unlike Singapore. Spain is adamant to change and therefore scores low on this dimension. On the contrary, Singapore is more pragmatic and encourages modernization in preparation for the future. Conclusion Different countries have different cultures, and this creates a crisis and an issue for international businesses. Spain is such an example in comparison to Singapore. The culture of Spain is generally different from that of Singapore in terms of traditions and business. Furthermore, the Hofstedes analytical framework brings out these shared similarities and differences between the two countries. References Bhaskaran, S., Sukumaran, N. (2007). National culture, business culture and management practices: consequential relationships?Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,14(1), 54-67. Business culture in Singapore. (2016).Singapore.um.dk. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://singapore.um.dk/en/the-trade-council/menu-4/ Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Culture of Spain - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family. (2016).Everyculture.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Spain.html Different cultures, different styles, Others, Singapore Jobs, Job Resources - STJobs. (2016).Stjobs.sg. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.stjobs.sg/career-resources/workplace-success/different-cultures-different-styles/a/100516 Focus, E. (2016).Singapore - Business and Workplace Culture | ExpatFocus.com.Expatfocus.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-singapore-business-culture Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2010). International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development.International business review, 19(2), 119-125. Marx, E. (2011).Breaking through culture shock: What you need to succeed in international business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Mitchell, C. (2009).A Short Course in International Business Culture: Building Your International Business Through Cultural Awareness. World Trade Press. Mole, J. (2011).Mind Your Manners: Managing Business Culture in the New Global Europe. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Phau, I., Kea, G. (2007). Attitudes of university students toward business ethics: a cross-national investigation of Australia, Singapore and Hong Kong. Journal of Business Ethics,72(1), 61-75. Singapore - Geert Hofstede. (2016).Geert-hofstede.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://geert-hofstede.com/singapore.html Spain - Geert Hofstede. (2016).Geert-hofstede.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://geert-hofstede.com/spain.html Spain Population (2016) - Worldometers. (2016).Worldometers.info. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/spain-population/ Spain. (2016).Business Culture. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://businessculture.org/southern-europe/business-culture-in-spain/ Strong, P. (2016).Business culture in Spain, business etiquette in Spain.Strongabogados.com. Retrieved 5 August 2016, from https://www.strongabogados.com/business-culture.phpdiversity in global business. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Trompenaars, F., Hampden-Turner, C. (2011).Riding the waves of culture: Understanding Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

United States v Merck Medco

Parties The parties in the case involve the United States government and Medco Health Solutions, which is an international company that offers medical services. The government side has a number of parties, including the department of Justice. Specifically, the department of Justice represents the Inspector General in charge of Health and Human services. This shows that the department of Justice is the American institution charged with the responsibility of ensuring that sanity is upheld in society.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United States v Merck Medco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The office of personnel management is also mentioned as the party in the case. The department of Justice in the case represents the personnel office. The government side is the complainant while Medco Solutions is the accused. On the accused side, Diane Collins, George Bradfort, William Gauger and Joseph Piacentile are men tioned as parties. Facts There are many facts in the case involving the United States government and Merck-Medco Solutions. One is that Medco is a company that prescribes treatment to patients. It offers pharmacy services to employees in both private and public sector. Medco company runs mail order pharmacies and call centers that are licensed by individual states and other bureaucratic institutions. The company conscribes employees that are approved by the government to exercise their professions. The company offers mail order treatments and allied benefit services to federal workers, retirees and their dependents (Showalter, 2007). Medco Company entered into various agreements with state agencies such as Federal Employees Health Benefits Program. Medco is a product of a merger between Merck Company and Medco RX Services Company. Therefore, in this, the word ‘Medco’ represents all its subsidiaries, forerunners and descendants. Another actuality is that Collins was the deputy president and general manager of Merck-Medco RX Services from early 1999 to early 2001. Furthermore, Bradford and Gauger are specialized pharmacists who were conscribed by Medco Company before 1999. On May 6, 1999, Hunt and Gauger filed a qui tam action in the district court. On February 10, 2000, Piacentile filed another qui tam in the same court. Hunt and Gauger qui tam and Peacentile qui tam were merged into a single case. The two cases form the basis of this case. Moreover, it is a fact that the United States asserted that Medco and defendant Collins presented claims for payment of funds into various government financed health care plans including Blue Cross Shield Association and the Government Employees Hospital Association. Again, the United States government asserted that it had some civil claims against Medco Company and Collins. The government disputed that Medco Company had breached the contract by going against state pharmacy policies and rules (Showalter, 2007). Furthermore, the company had contravened the pharmaceutical codes of ethics. Medco Company failed to fulfill its contractual performance accords by failing to testify its performance accurately under Federal Plan policies. The government confirmed that Medco Company failed to convene its responsibilities by suggesting bogus payments. On the other hand, the company used false credentials to lessen legal responsibilities.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was done by annulling instructions for which no evidence existed in Medco’s management Database. Again, the company called off prescriptions without a legitimate explanation. It is factual that the company gave out prescriptions without accurately carrying out DUR test and without aptly contacting prescribers. It is a reality that Medco Company utilized the services of under qualified technicians to carry out f unctions that are legally preserved for experts. Such functions must always be performed by an expert in the field of pharmacy or must be supervised by a pharmacist. Such mistakes included arbitrating and giving prescriptions to patients without being assessed or directed by a qualified pharmacist. Litigation The criticisms in this case were filed under the federal false claims act and state false claims acts against Medco Health Solutions. The cases assumed that Merck and Medco analytically deceived government-funded health indemnity plans by tolerating bribes in exchange for referring patients to particular goods, furtively tolerating rebates from medicine producers in exchange for rising the market share of goods, surreptitiously rising long-standing medicine expenses and failing to conform to state-mandated reputation of care values. This was conducted in a number of ways. One of the ways included requesting general practitioners to change patient prescriptions (drug substitutio n) by offering deceptive, bogus or imperfect information that undermined the integrity of patients. The managers were only concerned about profits. Another technique employed was secretively rising the price of drugs offered to recipients by intentionally interchanging patients’ prescriptions to stop them from taking advantage of soon to be produced standard drugs. Lastly, the company was accused of defying fundamental state obligations governing pharmacist regulation of drug execution procedures. Through such behavior, the United States assumed that Merck and Medco dishonored their agreements with government-funded health indemnity plans (Showalter, 2007). These cases were revealed by whistleblowers in support of the United States government. On June 20, 2003, the United States interceded in the case following a widespread examination of realistic accusations and evidentiary support offered by parties. This study was performed by several national organizations, including the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Defense Criminal Investigative Service, the U.S. Attorney’s Office, the Office of Inspector General of the Office of Personnel Management, and the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. On December 9, 2003, the United States modified the case by adding two administrators of Medco as defendants.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on United States v Merck Medco specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the modified case, these managers were blamed for hiding deliberate obliteration of patient treatment, annihilating and ordering the demolition of patient prescriptions and giving confusing reports concerning the conspiracy when interrogated by the Department of Justice. The modified case also added another case, which was the violation of the law as regards to Public Contract Anti-Kickback Act for making shocking payments to health programs to persuade them to choose Medco as a pharmacy benefit director for government indentures. Decisions In this case, the court decided that Merck-Medco’s conformity programs were either fictional or inadequate in approval of the irresponsible obligations mentioned. The conclusion did not clarify the extent of the Merck-Medco observance plan but the Court evidently concluded that the company presented bogus claims in thoughtless disrespect of their falsity. The resolution did not state that the top executives had any authentic information that the claims presented by Merck-Medco were bogus, but it surmised that the observance plan that was in place at Merck-Medco was obviously not enough to identify and stop the false assertions (McClellan, 2010). Obviously, the Government was not in a position to prove overwhelmingly that managers and bosses of the corporation had concrete data as regards to the supposed counterfeit statement or satisfactory participation in the billing proced ure to have irresponsible disregard or intentional unawareness of the bogus claims presented to Blue Cross and Blue Shield. In this case, the court ruled that Medco Company had contravened the law and had bridged the contract. The company had no option but to pay the government a huge amount of money as compensation for damages. Effects on healthcare The Merck-Medco case is the first that an outworker has been pronounced for violating criminal law in part since the observance plan was imperfect and inadequate. Consequently, a number of proposals aimed at intensifying the conformity program have been put forward. Firstly, any healthcare company should set up and circulate a code of conduct in the company as fast as possible if it is not yet publicized (Tauber, 2005).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The administrator agreement must be designed to serve as a top observer with unswerving task for all conformity actions (Showalter, 2007). The person in charge must have direct admission to the CEO and the Board of Directors. Compliance manager must be given power, authority to separately investigate and act on issues related to law, and policies that oblige the corporation to operate or not operate in particular ways. Furthermore, all workers in the healthcare sector must be educated about the existence and the particulars of the company’s observance plan. To do this, normal reports, at least weekly, should be issued to the Board of Directors as regards to any interior surveys (Tauber, 2005). Managers in the healthcare organizations should set up episodic interior reviews and institute techniques for supervising observance and incessantly examining the hotline system for detecting contraventions. Furthermore, reporters must be guaranteed of their security. Finally, the organ ization should set off any interior inquiry based on plausible information regarding reported crimes. References McClellan, M. (2010). A National Strategy to put Accountable Care into Practice. Health Affairs, 29(5). Showalter, S. (2007). The Law of Healthcare Administration (5th ed.) New York: Health Administration Press. Tauber, A. (2005). Patient Autonomy and the Ethics of Responsibility. Cambridge: MIT Press. This case study on United States v Merck Medco was written and submitted by user Kinley Mcneil to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.