Filmography Notes on the Opening Scene of the Darjeeling Limited

Fast paced Indian music builds tension even before the opening credits have stopped rolling Establishing shot indian city, while not revealed as india at this point the viewer associates the architecture as foreign in some exotic location, one car on the road, depth created by background being out of focus and leading lines created by the road. High angle extreme long shot, zoom to reveal tracking shot of taxi cab and people in exotic attire and foreign style tricycle cabs, gives the viewer more information about setting while the tracking of the car establishes the subject of viewingInside the cab we have a rig attached to car on passenger side tracking shot representing the perspective of the passenger reveals the fare meter in the right third of the shot letting the viewer know that the car is a cab, the frame is balanced by cars and people on the left side of the street opposite the cab far meter, the frame quick pans to create a fast pacing and to reveal taxicab driver. he has a beard and is wearing a turban, a signifier of India from a western viewpoint, also is a frame within a frame because of drivers side window.From inside the car the camera is mounted on the dashboard of the cab to show the audience the passenger, Bill Murray. The taxi driver is placed in the left third while the passenger is placed in the right third, the cabs frame serves as leading lines creating depth in the frame His business man attire contrasts the taxicab driver's outfit and the setting, showing he is a foreigner in this country, the reckless maneuvering of the cab, honking and engine sounds, and the frantic look on his face tells the audience that the passenger is worried about being somewhere on time.Low angle tracking shot behind the car creates a tension and intensity by creating a feeling of the car moving faster as the camera moves further away, honking and motorcycle engine noise fading in and out create the illusion of the speed of the taxicab Close up on cab driver, then zooms in again to extreme close up to allow the audience to focus on the cab drivers intense focus, facial expressions help viewers to feel the emotions the director wishes to convey, here his intense expression and the background flying by in the frame of the window.Next shot is from bill Murray's perspective, over the shoulder shot over the cab driver looking out the center of the windshield as they race thru the busy city street, frame within a frame, shot is balanced by colorful awnings, signs, and tall buildings on the right and people in bright clothing walking on the opposite side of the street. The cab fare meter also rests on the bottom left to balance out the cab driver and steering wheel who are on the right.The camera then flips around to reveal the anxious look on bill Murray's face as he checks his watch again revealing that he is on some sort of deadline creating tension and fast pacing in the scene the back window is once again a frame within a frame and the cam era is placed at slightly below eye level, shot then switches to the cab drivers point of view though lowered to about his chest level, the steering wheel is revealed to have a symmetrical shrine like set up of beads and small paintings of people and a temple, the steering wheel frames the entire shrine like setup, the drivers hand is balanced by the red sticker on the right of the dashboard, outside of the windshield colorful and exotic scenery can be seen, shadows of cars created by natural lighting and the yellow guardrail separating the street create leading lines giving depth to the background.The next shot is a tracking shot at the front of the cab, the shot has incredible depth thanks to the leading lines of the buildings lining the street, frame centered on the taxicab as it barely misses motorcyclists and medians, close up on bill Murray's character placed in the right third of the shot, his face still showing distress, the camera then continues to bounce rapidly from the s ame shots in and around the cab to promote the sense of urgency until the cab pulls up to the entrance of a train station, the camera takes a static shot as the cab pulls in to be centered in the frame, people in vibrant Indian garb are placed evenly on either side of the car as It pulls in creating a well balanced closed frame with depth being created by the awning of the train station and the lines it creates, people also placed in foreground and background, otherwise flat frame, very still photo-like shotAs Murray's character exits the car the camera is positioned outside the cab and zoomed in on the face of the driver, the zoom is slowly pulled out to represent the movement of the subject as the passenger flees from the cab in too much of a hurry to pay, the cabbie angrily shakes his fist and screams in Indian, another indicator of setting in the opening scene The camera then follows Murray's character through the train station, in first a handheld tracking shot to create the ef fect of running like the character does and then a dolly tracking shot, people are placed in the foreground to create the feeling of crowdedness at the station and the camera follows keeping a 45 degree angle behind the subject to create leading lines in the station, the subject is also always kept in the right third to create a more interesting shot.At the ticket counter the camera is behind, people's heads cropped tightly in the frame to again create the feeling of crowdedness of the train station, the positioning of the camera gives the audience the feel of standing in line as Murray's character barges on and cuts to the front of the line saying â€Å"that's my train† finally reveals to the audience what the conflict is in this scene, pointing off screen, the characters actions and the cropping of people and the fence of the ticket counter create an open frame that leads to the next shot of the train pulling away from the station, then a sudden pan to the businessman runni ng into the frame, chasing the train ,to maintain the fast and urgent pacing. A handheld tracking shot follows Murray as he runs along the boarding platform after the train he was trying to catch, as Murray runs past the camera, the camera pans to follow behind him and reveals the train, moving slightly faster than the businessman can run The next shot then frames the back of the caboose and an Indian boy standing in the right third of the frame, the camera slowly tilts down to reveal the name of the train â€Å"the Darjeeling limited† and also the title of the movie An extreme close up profile of Murray's character as he screams wait! Wait!Murray's head hides a younger man, adrien Brody, who comes into view as he runs slightly faster past Murray. They exchange glances as brody outruns murray in a mad dash for the train. While the audience has been lead to believe that the businessman was the protagonist we were to follow on this adventure he instead falls behind Fast paced I ndian music cuts out and a slower song this time tomorrow by the kinks begins to play, the next shot is a slow motion dolly tracking shot following the train in the left third of the frame as brody's character, peter enters into the frame from the right, he catches up to the back of the train, throws his bags on, and hoists himself on the train.Natural light brightly illuminates the background, the shot is slightly over exposed to augment the intensity of the sun in the shot, His eyes can be seen looking off screen and then a close up reveals a sympathetic look on peters face, he pulls up his glasses showing that he is looking at something, the camera flips around to his perspective in a dolly shot or mount on the back of the train, the train tracks and boarding platform lead our eyes back to the businessman who has been left behind by the train, Murray's character looks exhausted and disgusted. Another close up of Peter, he smiles, grateful that he did not end up like the businessm an, also here we can see shadows closely, because of the natural lighting used throughout the lighting techniques were somewhat limited The slowing of the music and the slow motion shots bring the pacing of the film back down to the signature slow and deliberate pacing of Wes Anderson films

Rainy season

The wet season, monsoon season or rainy season is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfalloccurs. It usually lasts one or more months. The term â€Å"green season† is also sometimes used as aeuphemlsm by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics andsubtropics. under the K ¶ppen climate classification, fo In contrast to areas with savannaclimates and monsoon reglmes,medlterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers.Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their ainfall is equally distributed throughout the year. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mld-season, when the Intertroplcal convergence zone or monsoon trough moves poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours.The wet season is a time when air qualityimproves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season. Floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime.Character of rainfall: In areas where the heavy rainfall is associated with a wind shift, the wet season becomes known as the monsoon. [7] Since rainfall during the wet season is predominantly due to daytime heating which leads to diurnal thunderstorm activity ithin a pre-existing moist airmass, rainfall is mainly focused during the late afternoon and early evening hours within savannah and monsoon regimes.This also leads to much of the total rainfall each day falling during the initial minutes of the downpour,[6] before the storms mature i nto their stratiform stage. [8] While most locations have only one wet season, areas of the tropics can experience two wet seasons as the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone, can pass over locations in the tropics twice per year. Since rain forests have equitable rainfall throughout the year. hey do not technically have a wet seasom The situation Is different for locations within the Mediterranean climate regime.In the western United States, during the cold season from September through May, extratropical cyclones from the Pacific ocean move Inland Into the region due to a southward migration of the Jet stream during the cold season. This shift in the Jet stream brings much of the annual precipitation to the and also brings the potential for heavy rain and strong low pressure systems. [10] The peninsula of Italy experiences very similar weather to the western United States in this regard. Areas affected Areas with a savanna climate In Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina [1 3] 5] and Botswana have a distinct rainy season. 1 7] Also within the savannah climate regime, Florida and East Texas have a rainy Monsoon regions include southeast Asla(lnclualng Inaonesla ana nortnern sectlons 0T Australla's Nortn, [21] Polynesia,[22] Central America,[23] western and southernMexico,[24] the Desert Southwest of the United States, southernGuyana, portions of northeast Brazil. Northern Guyana experiences two wet seasons: one in late spring and the other in early winter. 25] In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections with only one across the north. 27] Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States and theMediterranean coastline of Italy, Greece,[28] and Turkey experience a wet season in the winter months. [29] Similarly, the wet season in the Negev desert of Israel extends from October through May. [30] At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran desert, which r eceives the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime. [31] The wet season is known by many different local names hroughout the world. For example, the wet season period of the year in Mexico is known as storm season.Effects In tropical areas, when the monsoon arrives daytime high temperatures drop and overnight low temperatures increase. [32] During the wet season, a combination of heavy rainfall and in some areas, such as Hong Kong, a wind more off the ocean, significantly improve air quality. [33] In Brazil, the wet season is correlated to weaker trade winds off the ocean. [26] The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to the charging of local aquifers during the wet season. Rainy Season The wet season, monsoon season or rainy season is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfalloccurs. It usually lasts one or more months. The term â€Å"green season† is also sometimes used as aeuphemism by tourist authorities. Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the tropics andsubtropics. Under the Koppen climate classification, fo In contrast to areas with savannaclimates and monsoon regimes,mediterranean climates have wet winters and dry summers.Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed throughout the year. Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season, when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough moves poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season. When the wet season occurs during a warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours.The wet season is a time when air qualityimproves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows substantially, leading to crop yields late in the season. Floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime.Character of rainfallIn areas where the heavy rainfall is associated with a wind shift, the wet season becomes known as the monsoon. Since rainfall during the wet season is predominantly due to daytime heating which leads to diurnal thunderstorm activity within a pre-existing moist airmass, rainfall is mainly focused during the late afternoon and early evening hours within savannah and monsoon regimes. This also leads to much of the total rainfall each day falling during the initial minutes of the downpour, before the storms mature into their stratiform stage.While most locations have only one wet season, areas of the tropics can experience two wet seasons as the monsoon trough, or Intertropical Convergence Zone, can pass over locations in the tropics twice per year. Since rain forests have equitable rainfall throughout the year, they do not technically have a wet season. The situation is different for locations within the Mediterranean climate regime.In the western United States, during the cold season from September through May, extratropical cyclones from the Pacific ocean move inland into the region due to a southward migration of the jet stream during the cold season. This shift in the jet stream brings much of the annual precipitation to the region, and also brings the potential for heavy rain and strong low pressure systems. The peninsula of Italy experiences very similar weather to the western United States in this regard.Areas affectedAreas with a savanna climate in Sub-Saharan Africa, such as Ghana, Burkina Fa so, Darfur, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Botswana have a distinct rainy season. Also within the savannah climate regime, Florida and East Texas have a rainy season.   Monsoon regions include southeast Asia(including Indonesia and Philippines), northern sections of Australia's North, Polynesia, Central America, western and southernMexico, the Desert Southwest of the United States, southernGuyana, portions of northeast Brazil. Northern Guyana experiences two wet seasons: one in late spring and the other in early winter.In western Africa, there are two rainy seasons across southern sections with only one across the north. Within the Mediterranean climate regime, the west coast of the United States and theMediterranean coastline of Italy, Greece, and Turkey experience a wet season in the winter months. Similarly, the wet season in the Negev desert of Israel extends from October through May. At the boundary between the Mediterranean and monsoon climates lies the Sonoran desert, which receive s the two rainy seasons associated with each climate regime.The wet season is known by many different local names throughout the world. For example, the wet season period of the year in Mexico is known as storm season. Effects In tropical areas, when the monsoon arrives daytime high temperatures drop and overnight low temperatures increase. During the wet season, a combination of heavy rainfall and in some areas, such as Hong Kong, a wind more off the ocean, significantly improve air quality. In Brazil, the wet season is correlated to weaker trade winds off the ocean. The pH level of water becomes more balanced due to the charging of local aquifers during the wet season.Water also softens, as dissolved materials lower in concentration during the rainy season. Erosion is also increased during rainy periods. Arroyosthat are dry at other times of the year fill with runoff, in some cases with water as deep as 10 feet (3. 0 m).   Leaching of soils during periods of heavy rainfall deple tes nutrients.   The excessive runoff from land masses significantly impacts nearby ocean areas, which are more stratified, or less mixed, due to stronger surface currents forced by the heavy rainfall runoff.FloodsWidespread flooding can occur if rainfall becomes excessive, which can lead to landslides and mudflows in mountainous areas. Such floods cause rivers to leave their banks and homes to go underwater. Floods can be exacerbated by fires during the previous dry season, which cause soils which are sandy or composed of loam to become hydrophobic, or repellent of water.There are various ways government organizations help their residents deal with wet season floods. Flood plain mapping is conducted, which helps diagnose what areas are more prone to flooding. Instructions on how to control erosion through outreach is also done via telephone or the internet.HumansThe wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the Savanna climate regime. However, this also means that wet season is a time for food shortages before crops reach their full maturity. This causes seasonal weight changes for people in developing countries, with a drop occurring during the wet season until the time of the first harvest, when weights rebound. Malaria incidence increases during periods of high temperature and heavy rainfall. Animals Cows calve, or give birth, at the beginning of the beor wet season[clarify].The onset of the rainy season signals the departure of the Monarch butterflyfrom Mexico. Tropical species of butterflies show larger dot markings on their wings to fend off possible predators and are more active during the wet season than the dry season. Within the tropics and warmer areas of the subtropics, decreased salinity of near shore wetlands due to the rains causes an increase in crocodile nesting. Other species, such as the arroyo toad, spawn within the couple of months after the seasonal rains. Armadillosand rattlesnakes seek higher ground.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase

In the beginning, cyclin-dependent kinase 1 CDK1 for example, is a cell division cycle protein homolog 2, regarding a research paper that explains the role of CDK1 in the human breast cancer cells. They found that CDK1 rather than any types of CDK is fatal to the mutated version of MYC- dependent cancer that leads to a depletion of the oncogene in human cancer cells. The study reveals that the reason for the MYC breast cancer cells duplation is targeting CDF1 exhibit any other CDK cell lines. The primary purpose was to figure out the mechanism of CDK1 inhibition which controls and target the breast cancer cells in human and both phosphorylation and expression of MYC during the cell cycle process. To confirm that, they used siRNA knockdown to measure the expression level of MYC. Further, other than any mutants, apoptosis leading to the uncontrolled cell proliferation especially in human breast cancer disease that was measured by the detection of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18 using flow cytometry technique. The controls that were used are estrogen receptor ER-positive and ER-negative, they found increased at the number of the protein activity for the positive and the negative correlation, but the gene expression was high at the positive one and decreased to zero at the negative control (that means no reaction between them). They confirmed that CDK1 is essential for cell division and necessary for driving the cell cycle in all cell types.To initiate intracellular signaling pathways and stimulate the cell cycle entry, mitogens substance bind to the cell surface receptor with the activation form of GTPase Ras that activates MAP kinase cascade. That will lead to the expression of encoding gene of the transcription regulatory protein like MYC. Moreover, MYC will increase the expression of many late response genes, including some genes that lead to increased G1-CDK activity (cyclin D Cdk4), which triggers the phosphorylation of members of the tumor suppressor protein (Retinoblastoma protein) family. The inactive form of RB proteins can release the E2F target genes to initiate the transcription process in G1 and S phases, to enhance the G1- CDK and S- CDK activities and the phosphorylation of RB proteins forming a positive feedback loop.

City Life Vs Country Life Essay

There are many different factors to overcome on why city or country living is better. There is a lot to take into consideration because they greatly differ from each other. The fact of the matter is it is a difficult question because there is no right or wrong answer. Everyone is unique and has different preferences. There are positive and negative elements of both scenarios such as the education and job opportunities, Crime and death rates, as well as the environment/lifestyle and the cost of living. Everyone has their own opinion; depending on what you prefer is what makes one â€Å"better† per say. In the city, there are a lot more opportunities in college with a wider variety of degrees and programs to study resulting in more options of fields to pursue in the future. Some of the best schools in the United States are located in the city. Schools in the city have more extracurricular activities and after school clubs because there are more students to participate making it worth holding many activities after school. It gives students more leisure time to enjoy being active rather than going home to watch television on their free time. Job opportunities are also an advantage of living in the city, as there are many corporations, and businesses where there is a higher chance of getting hired most likely with a higher pay too. There are many different jobs fieldsto pursue in the city to fit your criteria. [M]any economists have reported that wages and job opportunities prove best in more densely populated areas. Larger cities typically provide ample opportunities for employment and entrepreneurial ventures, particularly in niche markets (Tigro).There also could be a disadvantage of job searching in the big city, as there are more people someone else may have more experience and a better education making it harder to land a job. School systems in the country are a bit different, schools are much smaller and do not offer as many programs limiting your educ ation. There are not as many colleges which force the students that do want more options for education to go away for school. This ultimately ends up costing much more; having to pay for housing, out of state tuition’s, and everything else that comes with living away from home. see more:disadvantages of living in the countryside There is indeed an  advantage of education in the country,which is a smaller classroom size.This gives a better student-teacher relationship and there is more one-on-one interaction resulting in a better understanding and more knowledge towards their studies. Job descriptions and duties can be quiet different then living in the city. In the country a lot of people grow, eat, and sell their own crops and what they don’t have they can trade off with their neighbors, whom do the same. It is a common procedure done in rural areas. Being that malls, restaurants, grocery stores, and the buildings in general are significantly spread apart. There are less job opportunities available and the ones that aremost likely do not have a high pay.The work force in smaller towns may be fueled by local manufacturing plants, nearby corporate headquarters or area colleges and universities. Depending on the location and the enterprise, it could be more difficult to make a small town business prof itable (Tigro). This is why some folksrely on other resources for extra funds. Money in the country is not needed as much as in the city because daily living and expenses are not as much The lifestyle/environment and cost of living of these two places greatly differ as well. The city life is a busy, hyper and an active lifestyle where convenience is at your side most of the time compared to living in the country. Population in the city is much greater so movies, malls, restaurants, grocery stores, and other reliable sources are at easy access because there are so many. This makes it very convenient to live in the city where errands are done much faster and easier and free time activities are right on hand when desired. Public transportation is another advantage of living in the city: there are taxies, buses or train stations on almost every corner in big cities making it easier to get around if you have no means of transportation. Since a lot of places in the city are so close, traveling from place to place does not affect much time in your daily schedule making your day more efficient. To come with all of these advantages, living expenses in the city are a bit high. â€Å"[I]n many urban areas, including Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Boston, wor king families often struggle to find affordable housing. Indeed, the price of housing often gets the most attention when it comes to measuring the cost of city living. Rent and housing prices tend to be significantly higher in urban locations†(Palmer).Having all of these amenities at such close reach is convenient but there is always a downfall. In general, the cities with the lowest real estate prices per square foot were cities that have suffered from poor economic conditions for some time (Sauter). In order to live comfortably in the city, having a well-paid job is a must. The lifestyle and environment in the country has a calm, pure and peaceful scenery where everything is open, there are fewer buildings, minimum cars and people cluttering the area giving you a good sense of freedom and tranquility. Activities are very exciting and thrilling in the country also, consisting of hiking, fishing, horseback riding, four wheeling, plus many more. These fun activities can also be good for your health which is a great benefit too. Living expenses in the country are significantly less compared to the city. One individual that was reluctant to move from the city to the country says 10 years later, â€Å"My mortgage is less, taxes are less, car insurance is less, and our needs are less.† (Childs). There is less income in the country but that comes with fewer expenses. [Y]our cost of living could be 1/2 as much as it is in the city. Therefore, taking a $2-3 cut per hour isn’t such a big deal when you look at the big picture. Crime and death rates should definitely be on your check list when debating where to live, it is entirely up to an individual and what makes them more comfortable as it is something that needs to be looked at carefully, there are both advantages and disadvantages to both places. It is known that in the city there is an alarming higher crime rate. Studies demonstrate: the average annual 1993-98 violent crime rate in urban areas was about 74% higher than the rural rate.This is a disadvantage of living in an urban area in the city where crime is a lot more likely to occur to you or someone you know,this may make it uneasy to be comfortable where you live.Something to look at on the positive side is normally you have people around you for most part of your day because there are s o many individuals that live in the city. This makes it a little less likely for someone to be able to get away with something without someone seeing. Crime rates are just so much higher because there are a lot more people in the city increasing those chances. Crime rates in the country are at a comfortably low rate and for the simple fact that there is a smaller population. This is an advantage of living in the quiet rural areas having a more comfortable state of mind knowing murders, rapes, and other horrible crimes are less likely to arise in your hometown. You would assume that just as crime rates are at low  number numbered in the country; deaths from injuries would be as well.Brian Howard of The National Geographic says â€Å"For years, people have moved to the country to escape the dangers of big city life.†In this article a study done by researcher Sage Myers and his team says they attempted to classify deaths from injuries â€Å"across the rural-urban continuum.† They looked at data on 1,295,919 deat hs from injuries in 3,141 U.S. counties from 1999 to 2006. These deaths were caused by car accidents, shootings, falls, drowning, suffocation, and more†¦The researchers found that the risk of death from injury was 1.22 times higher in the most rural counties, compared with the most urban ones. Differences between the life in a city and in the country have many different options to weigh out and there is no right answer because it all depends on one’s personal opinion to decide which lifestyle is the best and how you would prefer to live. There are an extraordinary amount of advantages and disadvantages in education/job opportunities, Crime/death rates, as well as the environment/lifestyle and the cost of living of the two areas. They are both beautiful places in their own way. Work Cited: Childs, Laura. â€Å"Jobs in the country.† . http://www.goodbyecitylife.com/workathome/ruraljobs.htm. Date Accessed: 25 March 2014. Duhart, Detis.†Urban, Suburban, And Rural Victimization, 1993-98.† . http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=812. Date Accessed: 23 March 2014. Howard, Brian. â€Å"Why Cities Are Safer Than Rural Areas: 5 Surprising Facts.† . http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/07/130724-surprising-facts-cities-safer-rural-areas-injury-deaths/. Date Accessed: 23 March 2014. Palmer, Kimberly. â€Å"Why You Pay Extra to Live in the City.† . http://money.usnews.com/money/personal-finance/articles/2012/09/18/why-you-pay-extra-to-live-in-the-city. Date Accessed: 26 March 2014. Sauter, Michael. â€Å"The Ten Most (and Least) Affordable Cities to Buy a Home†. < www.foxbusiness.com>. http://www.foxbusiness.com/investing/2012/04/17/ten-most-and-least-affordable-cities-to-buy-home/

Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Liberty - Essay Example So, doubtlessly, the concepts of positive liberty and negative liberty are inexorably linked; yet it is difficult to truly contend that positive liberty is a comprehensive critique of negative liberty, or, more pointedly, that they are incompatible at all. Broadly, positive liberty and negative liberty are simply different sides of the same coin. Liberty - as a pure concept or an ideal - can come in many forms or varieties. And even if we choose to only accept the notion of individualistic freedom as the foundation of our political philosophies, we still must admit that defining it in terms of either all that an individual is capable of or all that an individual is permitted to do comprise merely opposite ends of a wide range of controls upon an individual's ability to act freely. In the real world, for example, we find a hybrid of these two extreme views - and this is true regardless of which nation or society in which a person lives. A person in the United Kingdom who lives in poverty, for example, has his freedoms limited by laws, by the extension of other people's freedoms, and by his own internal inclinations. He may be prevented from killing his neighbor's barking dog simply because it is illegal to do so; meanwhile, he may be prevented from traveling to New York City simply because the distribution of wealth is such that others can do this while he cannot; and, at the same time, he may be prevented from reading Kant because he is unable to read. Ultimately, the reason why the concept of positive liberty is not a comprehensive critique of negative liberty is that while one is concerned with the limitations on individual freedom imposed by an abstract governing force, the other subject to the limitations on individual freedom imposed an individual's mental circumstances, which are often external as well. This makes it troublesome to argue that the two theories are fundamentally incompatible; they may be virtua lly impossible to reconcile in a coherent political theory, but they actually exist, in practice, on a daily basis in the real world. In other words, to say that positive liberty does not exist is to deny the innate inequalities and limitations of human beings - which will be assumed to exist in this paper - but on the other hand, to deny the existence of negative liberty is to deny the existence of social or political controls. So while it may be impossible to ground a political philosophy in some combination of these ideas - the importance of which Berlin convincingly points out - it is certainly possible that both ideas can be used as lenses through which to perceive the actual functioning of any society that exists or could ever be expected to exist. Berlin describes positive freedom in the following manner: "The 'positive' sense of the word 'liberty' derives from the wish on the part of the individual to be his own master. I wish my life and decisions to depend on myself, not on external forces of whatever kind."1 This way of characterizing

Clostridium Botulinum Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Clostridium Botulinum - Research Paper Example Furthermore, these spores may at times get into the human gastrointestinal system and can be able to withstand the hostile environment. Once the spores reach the colon, some germinate to produce the bacteria, but in cases of adults, often cannot withstand competition from the normal microflora. However, in infants, due to lack or few existing microflora, these organisms often take advantage of multiplying and causing infections through production of botulinum toxin. In relation to botulinum toxin, there exist several types: Toxin A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. There are only types A, B, E and rarely F, which mostly cause the flaccid paralysis symptom in humans. The other types often cause disease in animals. Botulinum toxin often results to a condition called botulism. Botulism This is a paralytic illness that results due to the botulinum toxin. Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin. People often get the toxin in their bodies via ingestion of contaminated foods already having botulinum toxin, th rough the bacteria infecting a wound and producing the toxin, and through consuming spores that produce the bacteria that finally produces the toxin to cause the condition (Smith 34). From the three modes of in which botulinum toxin could get into the human body system, one could identify three types of botulism namely; food borne botulism, wound botulism and infant botulism. Botulism is a fatal condition and all times considered medical emergencies. Botulism neurotoxins often prevent neurotransmitters in the nervous system from functioning properly. In fact, they usually inhibit the functioning of the motor control. A patient often exhibits paralysis stating from top to bottom, beginning from the eyes, face as it moves down the neck, chest, upper limbs and lower limbs (Shneider, Chang & Goodrich). Botulism often produces symptoms 12 to 72 hours on ingestion of contaminated food. Symptoms of botulism generally appear 12 to 72 hours after eating contaminated food.   Infant botulism This type of botulism accounts for the most number of cases reported of botulism. It often affects children due to having few or lacking microflora in their colon (Hauschild 40). In homes, improperly canned foodstuffs often the spores of the bacteria, which upon ingestion by infants, result to overgrowth of the bacteria in the colon leading in production of botulinum toxin. Symptoms In infant botulism, symptoms exhibited include poor appetite, lethargy, constipation, drooling, weak cry, poor feeding, paralysis and drooling eyelids. The general symptoms which botulism poisoning produce entail fatigue, nausea, vomiting, double vision, dizziness, dry skin, dry throat, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, slurred speech, body aches, muscle weakness, and paralysis (Canadian Food Inspection Agency). Treatment Treatment can be instituted in the early period before the toxin takes toll of the nervous system completely. An antitoxin is often administered in such cases (Emmeluth & Alcamo 67). T he antitoxin functions by blocking the circulating botulinum toxin In the blood thereby limiting its action. This form of treatment only prevents the worsening of the patient’s condition. Patients from such incidences often take several weeks to recover completely from the effect. Prevention In relation to the three types of botulism and the mode through which the toxin gets to enter the human body, preventive measures can be

International Energy Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Energy Policies - Essay Example The energy policies formulated by various nations throughout the globe chiefly focuses upon various important areas. The vital areas entail the mitigation of greenhouse gases, valuing the advantages which are obtained from various energy sources and most importantly investing particularly in the energy sectors of the developing nations (France, 2012). Structuring of energy policies is considered to be quite important as energy is known to serve as a vital factor in the financial as well as social activities in different industrialised nations. Moreover, the energy policies extensively pose an influence on the aspect of economic development and defending the safety of the citizen’s at large (Flavin & Aeck, n.d). In this discussion, the harmonisation of the 3 â€Å"E† which includes economic growth, energy supply security and environmental settings along with different factors relating to energy supply and demand will be taken into deliberation. Moreover, analysing the affect of the mentioned factors on the global energy policies, a balanced view of whether these procedures can be regarded as sustainable in the long-term will also to be depicted in the discussion. According to various realistic theories, it has been noted that the chief challenge of every energy policy decision remains to be the harmonisation of the 3 â€Å"E† which consists economic growth, energy security and environmental settings. A clean, affordable, resourceful and a reliable source of energy are supposed to be quite crucial for promoting worldwide prosperity. The developing nations requires to expand their access towards identifying modern as well as reliable energy sources in order to enhance public health, trim down the poverty level by a certain extent, augment productivity, improve competitiveness and most importantly to promote and boost financial growth. The existing modern energy systems are