Managing Earth's Natural Resources Research Paper

Managing Earth's Natural Resources - Research Paper Example I have read your arguments, which support the lifting of new permits for hydraulic fracturing. Looking keenly on the arguments which you brought forward, I tend to object the move to allow corporations to destruct Callicoon. This is because the negative effects of permitting extraction companies to explore this area outweigh the perceived positive outcomes. To start with, the hydraulic fracturing fluids contain toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. These chemicals pose a danger to contaminate large portions of underground water. Contamination of water endangers the lives of aquatic animals such as fish in Callicoon-on-the-Delaware. In addition, the noxious chemicals such as benzene and ethyl benzene can enter the food chain of water animals, which are essential as a food source for people. The case of death of fish in 2009 because of Cabot Oil and Gas well in Pennsylvania should be a good example for you to consider before supporting the activities of the drillers. On top of this, plants can absorb these poisonous chemicals after diluting with water and therefore posing danger of their extinction (McGraw 1). This therefore, will destroy the natural and scenic Callicoon. The testing of water, which the drilling companies advance, may not be perfect. Jack, you should know that these companies are out to make huge profits (Kastenbaum 1). Therefore, I have fears they can claim that the water is safe so that they continue with their profitable natural gas extraction. Second, the pressurized fluids, which the drilling companies employ, are very high and can cause unwanted spill over to the areas that neighbors fracturing site. These spills can lead to surface contamination. Similarly, the spills can flow back to the rivers endangering the aquatic lives. In addition, the drilling process emits harmful gases such as methane. Methane gas has detrimental effects to the environment such as formation of acid rain, which can destruct natural vegetation. In addition, methane con tamination of underground water leads to explosion of residential houses. While I acknowledge your futuristic thinking, the desire for large sums of money can be a source of havoc in many people living Callicoon. The case of Pennsylvania is still live in my memory. The actions of drilling companies have led to more than eighteen families to look for ways to get clean water. This after methane and other toxic chemicals contaminated their water. Drinking of this water, which contains hydraulic fracturing chemicals, poses health hazards to the people of Pennsylvania. Some of these fracturing fluids such as ZetaFlow, are very dangers and can cause loss of senses of smell and headache. At extreme cases, the fluid in question can lead to breakdown in heart and lungs (Wireback 1). Lastly, the drilling process has potential of creating water shortage in Callicoon and New York. This is because the extraction of natural gas utilizes large volumes of water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approximated that drilling uses 70 to 140 billion gallons of water to drill 35,000 wells annually. According to this agency, this water can sustain 40 to 80 cities, which is an equivalent of 50,000 people (McGraw 2). Lack of water is detrimental to the lives of animals and vegetation in New York. Jack, it is evident that supporting the lift of moratorium on hydraulic fracturing will create anarchy and suffering to the people of New York. I encourage you Jack to shun away short-lived benefits of allowing contractors to exploit

Mitochondrial Disease, Parkinsons Research Paper

Mitochondrial Disease, Parkinsons - Research Paper Example [Betelham et al 2007] Mitochondria are large organelles about 1 to 2 micrometer in diameter, upto 2000 of which are present in eukaryotic cells and constitute upto 25% of the cellular volume. The outer membrane enclosing the mitochondria is smooth, while the inner membrane is thrown into a series of folds known as the cristae. The space between the two membranes is called the intermembrane space. Both the structure and the quantity of mitochondria in different tissues can differ greatly depending upon the metabolic needs of the tissue. [Koolman et al 2005] Mitochondria play several vital roles in the normal functioning of the cell. Their most important role is in the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. They also serve as reservoirs of calcium within the cells and play a vital role in inducing apoptosis. . [Koolman et al 2005] The vast range of mitochondrial functions are associated with a range of mitochondrial enzymes. "Pyruvate dehydrogenase, the TCA cycle, beta hydroxylation of fatty acids and parts of the urea cycle are located in the matrix. The respiratory chain, ATP synthesis and parts of the heme synthesis pathway are associated with the inner membrane." [Koolman et al 2005, pg 210] One of the unique features of the mitochondria is that they are a self replicating organelle and can replicate independent of the parent cell. The mitochondrial genome is composed of 37 genes. Of these, "24 specify a mature RNA product, 22 molecular tRNA molecules and 2 molecular rRNA molecules. the remaining 13 genes encode polypeptides that are synthesized on the mitochondrial ribosomes [Strachan and Read 2004, pg 243]. Unlike nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA is very compact, lacking exons. For this reason any coding error in the mitochondrial DNA is far more likely to be transmitted to successive generations of the cell. However, because of the large number of mitochondria, the overall effect of such a mutation remains small unless transmitted in a gamete to the next generation. Mitochondrial DNA is exclusively maternal in origin being inherited from the egg, not the sperm. Thus the descendents of males affected by mitochondrial diseases are safe from inheriting the disease. The di seases can however affect men and women equally. [Passarge 2006] Some common mitochondrial diseases include: Lebers optic atrophy MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes) Kearns- Sayres syndrome Some familial types of diabetes mellitus Some forms of progressive nerve deafness and antibiotic associated deafness MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres) Pearson syndrome [Naviaux 2008] Parkinsons disease is a degenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia. It causes degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to decreased inhibition of the subthalamic nuclei and more active inhibition of the cortex. Its is characterized clinically by a triad of bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity. The exact cause for the development of parkinsonism has so far remained elusive. A syndrome very similar to parkinsonism is seen to develop in individuals who abuse methyl-phenyl tetra hydropyridine. This lends support to the theory that environmental factors are responsible for the causation of the disease. The current belief is that genetic and environmental factors both have a role to play. There are no diagnostic tests, and the condition is

Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Computer Security - Essay Example Frequently, programs bundle spyware with freeware or shareware, though it can also arrive via email, instant messages or web downloads. On the other hand data breaches occur when personal consumer information is lost or stolen, and can result in the loss of hundreds or millions of records. This information can then be used to commit crimes, including fraudulent unemployment claims (Goodin, 2008), fraudulent tax returns (McMillan, 2008), fraudulent loans (Hogan 2008), home equity fraud (Krebs, 2008), and payment card fraud. Consumers can also suffer the burden of increased loan interest rates, being denied utility services, civil suits or criminal investigation (Baum, 2004). While the consumer costs incurred from credit card fraud may be negligible, out of pocket expenses can reach thousands of dollars. It is results of all these effects of spam that there had to be changes in infrastructure made. The anti-spyware legislation is currently under consideration in 27 U.S States as well a s in the U.S. Congress is one of these changes. It aims to prohibit spyware from delivering advertisements to a computer under certain circumstances..

Surf Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surf Culture - Research Paper Example Although surfing as we perceive it today became popular in the 1950s and 1960s, the sport is much older. Surfing was both a pastime as well as a training module and exercise regimen in the ancient Hawaiian culture, where priests would engage in ritual dances and chants to please the sea so as to provide good waves for surfing. Surfing for the ancient Hawaiians was also a means of resolving conflicts and they took great pride in testing their skills in fierce contests. As it became popular in California and Australia, in the early twentieth century, the invention of new varieties of lighter, better-designed surfboards with improved maneuverability made the sport more accessible to greater numbers of people. What revolutionized the sport perhaps more than any other invention was that of the wetsuit that allowed surfers to experiment with new and daring surfing maneuvers and enjoy the sport in all weathers. Today the subculture of surfing has become a way of life in many parts of the wo rld especially Hawaii, California, Florida and Australia. Surfing has numerous characteristics that tend to contribute to group cohesiveness. The beach which is the natural meeting ground of surfers is a place that all can share. Since surfers meet at particular places where the waves are rideable, their interactions help form connections on the basis of the shared interest, and the excitement and intensity of the sport adds a special bond of belonging to the group.

Free Secondary Education in Kenya Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Free Secondary Education in Kenya - Case Study Example ade schooling unaffordable, and pushed many children out of school and into work. According to Damiano (2004) the current issues of transition are of great concern and it is possible to see that the large numbers of children are unable to proceed with.Obande (2007)) also states that "Just over half a million candidates sat the Kenya Certificate of Primary Examinations (KCPE) at the end of 2003, yet only 46 per cent had the chance to proceed to secondary schools.Although the number of candidates enrolling for primary level examinations has steadily risen, the number of secondary schools has remained the same. Unless this issue is addressed, Kenya will be dealing with an explosion at the end of 2010, when the children who enrolled in 2003, with the abolition of school fees, will be taking their primary level examinations." Damiano (2004) states that the introduction of free primary education in 1974 indeed helped by increase in enrolment in primary schools by 40 percent. But with the advent of the cost sharing policy in education in the mid-1980s the parents had to spend more money on secondary items like textbooks, stationery, development fund, activity fees, and this led to discouraging of the enrolment in primary and subsequently secondary education. school and another reason for the eighties decline might have been the over all un affordability of education and this meant that despite golden promises by the post colonial government the primary education was not really free(Damiano 2004). However things were improving by the new millennium and in December 2002 primary and secondary education was wholly freed and this has resulted in a big enrolment increase of about 1,500,000 additional students.(Damiano 2004).The main problem which still haunts the free educational initiative is the lack of money,gender bias and poor economic conditions as described by Damiano (2004) citing , Uusitalo (1999) and Levin and Plug (1999) who have blamed the family background variables as instruments hindering free secondary education and according to Angrist and Krueger (1991) and Harmon and Walker (1995) as cited by Damiano (2004) demographic statistics are also responsible for these problems. Moses W (2006) offers a more historical perspective as he states that the post colonial independence and the end of racism in the segregated school system which suppressed the Kenyan natives ,the new democratic government has had a hard time catching uo with the challenges of the , shortage of skilled labour and rampant poverty and consequently the Government devoted a large

Marketing In Harvard Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing In Harvard Style - Essay Example Individuals are exposed to tens of thousands of advertisements in a single day.With all these numerous advertisements being bombarded at a single buyer,marketers craftily design their campaigns in consideration to the consumer's processing of these stimuli in order to make a purchase decision. In doing so, they keep in mind what is called consumer perception or "the process by which an individual selects, organizes, and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world" (Kotler 2005). It is irrefutable that each individual processes stimuli differently because of personal differences. Thus, perception varies among individuals who perceive the same thing. This is due to three perceptual processes known as selective attention, selective distortion, and selective retention.Selective attention refers to the ability of the consumers to notice and to be attracted only be advertisements which appeal to them. With all massive amount of advertisement each day, customer s are only captivated by those which are relevant to them. It is found out that the advertisement which catches customers' attention are those stimuli which represents their current need, those which they anticipate, and those whose deviation are large in relation to the normal size of stimuli (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). For example, an ad which features beauty products which inhibits oil production will irrefutably attract one who is searching for one. Likely, if the ad is placed in a health and beauty specialist, the customers are expected to notice. And lastly, bigger discounts are more likely to be taken note of than smaller ones. The next process is called selective distortion which refers to "the tendency of customers to twist information into personal meanings" (Kotler 2005) and interpret them according to their needs. It should be noted that the different background of the consumers enables them to interpret advertisements in their individual ways which is influenced by their social class, employment, and others. Lastly, selective retention refers to the customers' remembering of their selected products' good points while forgetting that of the competitors' products advantages (Lynch 2003). As a marketer, advertisements are usually designed according to their intended market. Companies make advertisements which appeal to a specific target market by using celebrities, colors, and dramatic effects which will likely attract them. Offering huge discounts are also other ways of capturing their attention. However, in selective distortion, there is nothing much that a marketer can do in order to influence buyers. Selective retention is facilitated by repeating the messages that they intend the buyer to learn. The key in advertising still, is the marketers' understanding of customers which will perceive and experience them. Question 2. 1. A reference group "consists of all groups with a direct (face-to face) or indirect effect on all people's attitudes or behaviors" (Kotler 2005). 2. The four types of reference groups include primary groups, secondary groups, aspirational groups, and disassociative groups. Primary groups which are those which have a direct influence on the person because of his continuous and informal interaction with them including his family, friends, neighbors, and co-workers. On the other hand, more formal relations which require less continuous interaction like religious groups, trade associations, and professional are called secondary groups. Aspirational groups are those which the individuals aspires to have membership of while disassociative ones represents those which have values or beliefs that a customer finds unacceptable (Kotler and Armstrong 2005). 3. Customers associate themselves with reference groups because of their want to be acceptable to the people within the group, they

Distribution & Pricing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distribution & Pricing - Coursework Example In order to decide on the pricing strategy of the restaurant, let us first decide on the type of the restaurant we will be operating with. In this scenario, let us consider that I am handling a fast food restaurant. In this case, the target market will not be very specific and we can target each and every income group. So we will be going ahead with a generic pricing strategy for this restaurant. Restaurants are doing great in the event that they have a 5 percent profit edge, as indicated by "Forbes" magazine. Since restaurants have a little profit edge, they have to execute successful sustenance pricing procedures to stay ready to go. Inquiring about variances in nourishment costs, the costs of contending restaurants and client interest will help to set menu costs and manage what kind of profit could be normal (Von Matterhorn, n.d.). Restaurants ought to utilize cost-in addition to pricing to surety a profit. Cost-in addition to pricing incorporates all the overhead expenses that happen when running a restaurant, including rent, compensation for holding up staff and cooks, and gas and power to power the kitchen and lounge area. Next the profit edge needs to be considered. The manager needs to procure a profit to make the business advantageous to keep open. This profit incorporates compensation for the holder, and in addition the capacity to lead repairs on the restaurant and stretch the restaurant, if fundamental. Add the fancied profit rate to the overhead expenses rate. This rate ought to be included onto the expense of any sustenance thing, prompting costs that pay for nourishment and overhead expenses, and bring about a profit. When selling online, the pricing of the product plays a major role. The price of the food product will be decided based on the production cost of the item. As discussed earlier, it was decided that restaurants do well if they manage to keep a 5% profit margin. However in this scenario, the pricing has